Editing Postcard (section)

=== First postals and private postcards (c. 1865 to 1880) ===
[[File:Feldpost-Correspondenzkarte.jpg|left|thumb|"Feldpost-Correspondenzkarte" ({{lit|field post correspondence card}}) used during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870]]
A [[Prussia]]n postal official, [[Heinrich von Stephan]], first proposed an "open post-sheet" made of stiff paper in 1865.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{cite web |last=Cure |first=Monica |date=2013-06-22 |title=Tweeting by mail: The postcard's stormy birth |website=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/opinion/la-xpm-2013-jun-22-la-oe-cure-postcards-twitter-20130623-story.html |access-date=2020-04-01}}</ref> He proposed that one side would be reserved for a recipient address, and the other for a brief message.<ref name=":2" /> His proposal was denied on grounds of being too radical and officials did not believe anyone would willingly give up their privacy.<ref name=":2" /> In October 1869, the post office of [[Austria-Hungary]] accepted a similar proposal, also without images, and 3 million cards were mailed within the first three months.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> With the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in July 1870, the government of the [[North German Confederation]] decided to take the advice of Austrian [[Emanuel Herrmann]] and issued postals for soldiers to inexpensively send home from the field.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

The period from 1870 to 1874 saw a great number of countries begin the issuance of postals. In 1870, the North German Confederation was joined by Baden, Bavaria, Great Britain, Luxembourg and Switzerland.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=Chicago Postcard Museum – How to Age a Postcard |website=www.chicagopostcardmuseum.org |url=http://www.chicagopostcardmuseum.org/postcard_age.html |access-date=2020-04-01}}</ref> The year 1871 saw Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden introduce their own postals.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> Algeria, Chile, France and Russia did so in 1872, and were followed by France, Japan, Romania, Serbia, Spain and the United States between 1873 and 1874.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" /> Many of these postals included small images on the same side as the postage.<ref name=":1" /> Postcards began to be sent internationally after the first Congress of the [[Universal Postal Union|General Postal Union]], which met in Bern, Switzerland in October 1874.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{cite web |title=Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America 1776–1949 Compiled under the direction of Charles I. Bevans LL.B. |website=avalon.law.yale.edu |url=https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/usmu010.asp|access-date=2020-04-01}}</ref> The Treaty of Bern was ratified in the United States in 1875.<ref name=":6" />[[File:Conlie postcard.jpg|thumb|The claimed first printed picture postcard]]The first known printed picture postcard, with an image on one side, was created in France in 1870 at [[Camp Conlie]] by Léon Besnardeau (1829–1914). Conlie was a training camp for soldiers in the [[Franco-Prussian war|Franco-Prussian War]]. The cards had a lithographed design printed on them containing emblematic images of piles of armaments on either side of a scroll topped by the arms of the [[Duchy of Brittany]] and the inscription "War of 1870. Camp Conlie. Souvenir of the National Defence. Army of Brittany" (in French).<ref>''The New York Times'', September 21, 1904.</ref> While these are certainly the first known picture postcards, there was no space for stamps and no evidence that they were ever posted without envelopes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Histoire de la Carte Postale, Cartopole, Baud |language=fr |publisher=Cartolis.org |url=http://www.cartolis.org/histoire.php |access-date=2012-06-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718170635/http://www.cartolis.org/histoire.php |archive-date=2011-07-18}}</ref>

In Germany, the bookdealer August Schwartz from [[Oldenburg (city)|Oldenburg]] is regarded as the inventor of the illustrated postcard. On July 16, 1870, he mailed a post correspondence card with an image of a man with a cannon, signaling the looming Franco-Prussian war.<ref>[https://www.dw.com/en/instagram-19th-century-style-the-first-german-postcard/a-54200932 Dagmar Breitenbach: Instagram, 19th-century style: The first German postcard] In: Deutsche Welle, July 16, 2020, Retrieved 2021-02-07.</ref><ref>[http://www.tpa-project.info/TPA_21_1.pdf Helmfried Luers: The First Picture Postcard] In: The Postcard Album #21, Retrieved 2021-02-07.</ref>

In the following year the first known picture postcard in which the image functioned as a [[souvenir]] was sent from [[Vienna]].<ref>Frank Staff, ''The Picture Postcard & Its Origins'', New York: F.A. Praeger, p.51.</ref> The first advertising card appeared in 1872 in Great Britain and the first German card appeared in 1874. Private advertising cards started appearing in the United States around 1873, and qualified for a special postage rate of one cent.<ref name=":1" /> Private cards inspired Lipman's card were also produced concurrently with the U.S. government postal in 1873.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> The backs of these private cards contained the words "Correspondence Card", "Mail Card" or "Souvenir Card" and required two-cent postage if they were written upon.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />