Editing Presumption (section)

==Conclusive (irrebuttable) presumption==
{{primary sources|section|date=May 2023}}
A conclusive presumption, also known as an irrebuttable presumption, is a type of [[presumption]] used in several legal systems. In [[English law]], a conclusive presumption is a presumption of law that cannot be [[rebuttal|rebutted]] by [[evidence (law)|evidence]] and must be taken to be the case whatever the evidence to the contrary. For example, a child below the [[age of criminal responsibility]] is presumed to be incapable of committing a felony.

===Australia===
In Australian law, it is a conclusive presumption that no child under the age of 10 can be held responsible for criminal action.<ref>Children (Criminal Proceedings) Act 1987 s5 http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/cpa1987261/s5.html</ref> This presumption exists to protect children by acknowledging that they do not have sufficient development to understand the gravity and consequences of committing a criminal act.<ref>Thomas Crofts, Doli Incapax: Why Children Deserve its Protection http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MurUEJL/2003/26.html</ref>

===Canada===
Recent amendments to Impaired Driving law allows the Crown to rely on a conclusive presumption. Normally, where the police conduct a breathalyzer test within 2 hours of the operation of a conveyance (or care and control), the court can accept the blood alcohol concentration as being the same at the time of the operation of the vehicle as at the time of the offence. If the test is conducted outside the two hours, and the blood alcohol concentration is greater than 20 mg of alcohol/100 mL of blood, there is now a conclusive presumption that the blood alcohol concentration can be increased by 5 mg of alcohol/100 mL of blood for each 30 minutes.<ref>Criminal Code 320.31(4)</ref>

===England and Wales===
A child below the [[age of criminal responsibility]] cannot be held legally responsible for their actions, and so cannot be convicted of committing a [[criminal offence]]. The age has continually been under debate with adjustments being made in line with rulings, the results of psychological research and to some extent public pressure. The age was seven at [[common law]], and raised by the [[Children and Young Persons Act 1933]] to eight (section 50) and by the Children and Young Persons Act 1963 to ten, at which it remains. In the case of [[rape]], if it is found that the defendant intentionally deceived the complainant as to the "nature or the purpose of the act", or if "the defendant intentionally induced the complainant to consent by impersonation of a "person known personally to the complainant"" it can be conclusively presumed the defendant is guilty of rape and must be convicted.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rape and Sexual Offences - Chapter 6: Consent {{!}} The Crown Prosecution Service|url=https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/rape-and-sexual-offences-chapter-6-consent#:~:text=Conclusive%20presumptions%20(section%2076%20SOA%202003),-Section%2076%20provides&text=The%20defendant%20intentionally%20deceived%20the,known%20personally%20to%20the%20complainant.|access-date=2021-07-06|website=cps.gov.uk}}</ref>