Editing Pride (section)

== Psychology ==
Pride, when classified as an emotion or passion, is both cognitive and evaluative; its object, that it cognizes and evaluates, is the self and its properties, or something the proud individual identifies with.<ref name=":1" /> The field of psychology classifies it with [[Guilt (emotion)|guilt]] and shame as a [[Self-conscious emotions|self-conscious emotion]] that results from the evaluations of oneself and one's behavior according to internal and external standards.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of Environmental Psychology|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookenvironm00bech|url-access=limited|last1=Bechtel|first1=Robert|last2=Churchman|first2=Arza|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|year=2002|isbn=978-0471405948|location=Hoboken, N.J.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookenvironm00bech/page/n562 547]}}</ref> Pride results from satisfying or conforming to a standard; guilt or shame from defying it. There is a lack of research that addresses pride, perhaps because it is despised as well as valued in the individualist [[western culture|West]], where it is experienced as pleasurable.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Positive Psychology in Search for Meaning|last=Leontiev|first=Dmitry|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=9781138806580|location=Oxon|pages=100}}</ref>

=== Emotion ===
In psychological terms, positive pride is a "pleasant, sometimes exhilarating, emotion that results from a positive self-evaluation."<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lewis | first1 = M. | last2 = Takai-Kawakami | first2 = K. | last3 = Kawakami | first3 = K. | last4 = Sullivan | first4 = M. W. | year = 2010 | title = Cultural differences in emotional responses to success and failure | journal = International Journal of Behavioral Development | volume = 34 | issue = 1| pages = 53–61 | doi = 10.1177/0165025409348559 | pmc = 2811375 | pmid=20161610}}</ref> It was added to the University of California, Davis, "Set of Emotion Expressions", as one of three "self-conscious" emotions known to have recognizable [[Emotional expression|expressions]] (along with [[embarrassment]] and [[shame]]).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Tracy | first1 = J. L. | last2 = Robins | first2 = R. W. | last3 = Schriber | first3 = R. A. | year = 2009 | title = Development of a FACS-verified set of basic and self-conscious emotion expressions | journal = Emotion | volume = 9 | issue = 4| pages = 554–559| doi = 10.1037/a0015766 | pmid = 19653779 }}</ref>

The term "{{lang|it|fiero}}" was coined by Italian psychologist Isabella Poggi to describe the pride experienced and expressed in the moments following a personal triumph over adversity.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite web |last1=Lazzaro |first1=Nicole |date=8 March 2004 |title=Why We Play Games: Four Keys to More Emotion Without Story |publisher=XEODesign |url=https://gamemodworkshop.com/readings/xeodesign_whyweplaygames.pdf |access-date=7 November 2022 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308042222/http://gamemodworkshop.com/readings/xeodesign_whyweplaygames.pdf |url-status=live }}
|2={{cite web |last=Brown |first=Jack |url=http://www.bodylanguagesuccess.com/2010/10/fiero-feels-good-mirror-neurons.html |title=Sincerity Secret # 20: Fiero Feels Good |publisher=Body Language Success |date=23 October 2010 |access-date=11 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426091428/http://www.bodylanguagesuccess.com/2010/10/fiero-feels-good-mirror-neurons.html |archive-date=26 April 2012}}
}}</ref> Facial expressions and gestures that demonstrate pride can involve a lifting of the chin, smiles, or arms on hips to demonstrate victory. Individuals may implicitly grant status to others based solely on their expressions of pride, even in cases in which they wish to avoid doing so. Indeed, some studies indicate that the nonverbal expression of pride conveys a message that is automatically perceived by others about a person's high social status in a group.<ref name="Shariff">{{cite journal |last1=Shariff |first1=Azim F. |last2=Tracy |first2=Jessica L. |year=2009 |title=Knowing who's boss: Implicit perceptions of status from the nonverbal expression of pride |journal=Emotion |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=631–639 |doi=10.1037/a0017089 |pmid=19803585}}</ref>

Behaviorally, pride can also be expressed by adopting an expanded posture in which the head is tilted back and the arms extended out from the body. This postural display is innate, as it is shown in congenitally blind individuals who have lacked the opportunity to see it in others.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tracy |first1=Jessica L. |last2=Matsumoto |first2=David |title=The spontaneous expression of pride and shame: Evidence for biologically innate nonverbal displays |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=19 August 2008 |volume=105 |issue=33 |pages=11655–11660 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0802686105 |jstor=25463738 |pmid=18695237 |pmc=2575323 |bibcode=2008PNAS..10511655T |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Positive outcomes ===
Pride results from self-directed satisfaction with meeting personal goals; for example, positive performance outcomes elicit pride in a person when the event is appraised as having been caused by that person alone.<ref>Weiner ''et al.''</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}} 

Pride as a display of the strong self that promotes feelings of similarity to strong others, as well as differentiation from weak others. Seen in this light, pride can be conceptualized as a hierarchy-enhancing emotion, as its experience and display helps rid negotiations of conflict.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Oveis | first1 = C. | last2 = Horberg | first2 = E. J. | last3 = Keltner | first3 = D. | year = 2010 | title = Compassion, pride, and social intuitions of self-other similarity | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 98 | issue = 4| pages = 618–630 | doi = 10.1037/a0017628 | pmid=20307133| citeseerx = 10.1.1.307.534 }}</ref>

Pride involves exhilarated [[pleasure]] and a feeling of accomplishment. It is related to "more positive behaviors and outcomes in the area where the individual is proud."<ref>Weiner, 1985</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}} Pride is associated with positive social behaviors such as helping others and {{clarify|reason=what's that?|text=outward promotion|date=September 2023}}. Along with hope, it is an emotion that facilitates performance attainment, as it can help trigger and sustain focused efforts, helping individuals prepare for upcoming evaluative events. It may also help enhance the quality and flexibility of the effort expended.<ref>Fredrickson, 2001</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}} Pride can enhance creativity, productivity, and [[altruism]].<ref>Bagozzi ''et al.''</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}} Researchers have found that among African-American youth, pride is associated with a higher [[GPA]] in less socioeconomically advantaged neighborhoods, whereas in more advantaged neighborhoods, pride is associated with a lower GPA.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Byrd | first1 = C. M. | last2 = Chavous | first2 = T. M. | year = 2009 | title = Racial identity and academic achievement in the neighborhood context: a multilevel analysis | journal = Journal of Youth and Adolescence | volume = 38 | issue = 4| pages = 544–559| doi = 10.1007/s10964-008-9381-9 | pmid = 19636727 | s2cid = 45063561 }}</ref>

=== Economics ===
In the field of [[economic psychology]], pride is conceptualized on a spectrum ranging from "proper pride," associated with genuine achievements, and "false pride," which can be maladaptive or even pathological. Lea ''et al.'' examined the role of pride in various economic situations and claim that {{clarify|reason=it's not clear what this is asserting|text=in all cases pride is involved because economic decisions are not taken in isolation from one another, but are linked together by the selfhood of the people who take them|date=September 2023}}.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lea | first1 = S. E. G. | last2 = Webley | first2 = P. | year = 1996 | title = Pride in economic psychology | journal = Journal of Economic Psychology | volume = 18 | issue = 2–3| pages = 323–340 | doi=10.1016/s0167-4870(97)00011-1}}</ref> Understood in this way, pride is an emotional state that works to ensure that people take financial decisions that are in their long-term interests, even when in the short term they would appear irrational.

=== Sin and self-acceptance ===
{{See also|Self-esteem#Contingent vs. non-contingent}}
[[File:Pride, Jacob Matham.png|thumb|180px|''Pride, from the Seven Deadly Sins'' by [[Jacob Matham]] {{Circa|1592}}]]

Inordinate self-esteem is called "pride".<ref name="oed-151185">{{cite web |title=pride|at= n.1 |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/151185 |website=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] Online |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907090311/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/151185 |archive-date=7 September 2015 |quote=A high, esp. an excessively high, opinion of one's own worth or importance which gives rise to a feeling or attitude of superiority over others; inordinate self-esteem.}}</ref> Classical Christian theology views pride as being the result of high self-esteem, and thus{{non sequitur|reason=|text=|date=September 2023}} high self-esteem was viewed as the primary human problem, but beginning in the 20th century, "[[humanistic psychology]]" diagnosed the primary human problem as low self-esteem stemming from a lack of belief in one's "true worth." [[Carl Rogers]] observed that most people "regard themselves as worthless and unlovable." Thus, they lack self-esteem.<ref name=Cooper2003>{{cite book|first=Terry D.|last=Cooper|title=Sin, Pride & Self-Acceptance: The Problem of Identity in Theology & Psychology|publisher=InterVarsity Press|location=Chicago|year=2003}}</ref>{{rp|40, 87, 95}}

In the [[King James Bible]], people exhibiting excess pride are labeled with the term, [[:wikt:haughty|"Haughty"]].

{{quote|[[:wikt:pride comes before a fall|Pride goeth before destruction, and an haughty spirit before a fall.]]|[[King James Version of the Bible]] (1611), [[Book of Proverbs]], [[:wikisource:Bible (King James)/Proverbs#Chapter 16|16:18]]}}

Terry Cooper describes excessive pride (along with low self-esteem) as an important framework in which to describe the human condition. He examines and compares the [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustinian]]-[[Reinhold Niebuhr|Niebuhrian]] conviction that pride is primary, the feminist concept of pride as being absent in the experience of women, the [[humanistic psychology]] position that pride does not adequately account for anyone's experience, and the humanistic psychology idea that if pride emerges, it is always a false front designed to protect an undervalued self.{{r|Cooper2003}}

He considers that the work of certain [[Neo-Freudianism|Neo-Freudian]] psychoanalysts, namely [[Karen Horney]], and offers promise in addressing what he describes as a "deadlock between the overvalued and undervalued self."{{r|Cooper2003|pages=112–13}}

Cooper refers to their work in describing the connection between religious and psychological pride as well as sin to describe how a neurotic pride system underlies an appearance of self-contempt and low self-esteem:
<blockquote>
The "idealized self," the "tyranny of the should," the "pride system," and the nature of self-hate all point toward the intertwined relationship between neurotic pride and self-contempt. Understanding how a neurotic pride system underlies an appearance of self-contempt and low self-esteem.{{Sentence fragment|date=September 2023}}{{r|Cooper2003|pages=112–13}}
</blockquote>

Thus, [[hubris]], which is an exaggerated form of self-esteem, is sometimes actually a lie used to cover the lack of self-esteem the hubristic person feels deep down.

=== Hubris and group narcissism ===
{{Main|Hubris}}{{See also|Group narcissism}}
Hubris is associated with more intra-individual negative outcomes and {{clarify|text=is commonly related to|date=September 2023}} expressions of aggression and hostility.<ref>Tangney, 1999</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}} Hubris is not necessarily associated with high [[self-esteem]] but with highly fluctuating or variable self-esteem. Excessive feelings of hubris tend to create conflict and sometimes to terminate close relationships, which has led it to be understood as one of the few emotions with no clear positive or adaptive functions.<ref>Rhodwalt, ''et al.''</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}}

A group that boasts, gloats, or denigrates others tends to become a group with low social status or to be vulnerable to threats from other groups.<ref>Study by UC Davis psychologist Cynthia Picket currently in revision</ref>{{better source needed|date=September 2023}} "[H]ubristic, pompous displays of group pride might be a sign of group insecurity rather than a sign of strength,"{{cite quote|date=September 2023}} while those who express pride by being filled with [[humility]] whilst focusing on members' efforts and hard work tend to achieve high social standing in both the adult public and personal eyes.

Research from the [[University of Sydney]] found that hubristic pride correlates with arrogance and self-aggrandizement, and promotes [[prejudice]] and discrimination. But authentic pride is associated with self-confidence and accomplishment and promotes more positive attitudes toward outgroups and stigmatized individuals.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Claire|last=Ashton-James|year=2011|title=Pride and Prejudice: How Feelings About the Self Influence Judgments of Others|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51822831|access-date=8 February 2021|journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin|volume=38|number=4|pages=466–76|doi=10.1177/0146167211429449|pmid=22109249 |language=en}}</ref>