Editing Procrastination (section)

== Behavioral criteria of academic procrastination ==
Gregory Schraw, Theresa Wadkins, and Lori Olafson in 2007 proposed three criteria for a behavior to be classified as academic procrastination: it must be counterproductive, needless, and delaying.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1037/0022-0663.99.1.12 |title=Doing the Things We Do: A Grounded Theory of Academic Procrastination |year=2007 |last1=Schraw |first1=Gregory |last2=Wadkins |first2=Theresa |last3=Olafson |first3=Lori |journal=Journal of Educational Psychology |volume=99 |pages=12–25}}</ref> Steel reviewed all previous attempts to define procrastination, and concluded in a 2007 study that procrastination is "to voluntarily delay an intended course of action despite expecting to be worse off for the delay."<ref name="Steel2007">{{cite journal |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65 |url=http://studiemetro.au.dk/fileadmin/www.studiemetro.au.dk/Procrastination_2.pdf |title=The Nature of Procrastination: A Meta-Analytic and Theoretical Review of Quintessential Self-Regulatory Failure |year=2007 |last1=Steel |first1=Piers |journal=Psychological Bulletin |volume=133 |pages=65–94 |pmid=17201571 |issue=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401132716/http://studiemetro.au.dk/fileadmin/www.studiemetro.au.dk/Procrastination_2.pdf |archive-date=2013-04-01 |citeseerx=10.1.1.335.2796 |s2cid=1066615 }}</ref> Sabini and Silver argued that postponement and irrationality are the two key features of procrastination. Delaying a task is not deemed as procrastination, they argue, if there are rational reasons behind the delay.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sabini |first1=J. |last2=Silver |first2=M. |date=1982 |title=Moralities of everyday life |pages=128}}</ref> Further, in a study conducted by Pogorskiy and Beckmann, learners' procrastination is characterised by stable sequential patterns in learners' web navigation behaviour.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100094 |title=Learners' web navigation behaviour beyond learning management systems: A way into addressing procrastination in online learning? |year=2022 |last1=Pogorskiy |first1=Eduard |last2=Beckmann |first2=Jens F. |journal=Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence |volume=3 |pages=100094|s2cid=252131969 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

An approach that integrates several core theories of motivation as well as meta-analytic research on procrastination is the [[temporal motivation theory]]. It summarizes key predictors of procrastination (expectancy, value, and impulsiveness) into a mathematical equation.<ref name="Steel2007" />