Editing Propaganda (section)

==History==

{{Main|History of propaganda}}
Primitive forms of propaganda have been a human activity as far back as reliable recorded evidence exists. The [[Behistun Inscription]] ({{circa|515}} [[Common Era|BCE]]) detailing the rise of [[Darius I of Persia|Darius I]] to the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]] [[throne]] is viewed by most historians as an early example of propaganda.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nagle|first=D. Brendan|title=The Ancient World: Readings in Social and Cultural History|year=2009|publisher=Pearson Education|isbn=978-0-205-69187-6|author2=Stanley M Burstein|page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientworldread00nagl/page/28 28]|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientworldread00nagl/page/133}}</ref> Another striking example of propaganda during ancient history is the last [[Roman civil wars]] (44–30 BCE) during which [[Augustus|Octavian]] and [[Mark Antony]] blamed each other for obscure and degrading origins, cruelty, cowardice, oratorical and literary incompetence, debaucheries, luxury, drunkenness and other slanders.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Borgies|first=Loïc|title=Le conflit propagandiste entre Octavien et Marc Antoine. De l'usage politique de la uituperatio entre 44 et 30 a. C. n.|year=2016|publisher=Éditions Latomus |isbn=978-90-429-3459-7}}</ref> This defamation took the form of ''uituperatio'' (Roman rhetorical genre of the invective) which was decisive for shaping the Roman public opinion at this time. Another early example of propaganda was from [[Genghis Khan]]. The emperor would send some of his men ahead of his army to spread rumors to the enemy. In many cases, his army was actually smaller than his opponents'.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Davison|first=W. Phillips|date=1971|title=Some Trends in International Propaganda|journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science|volume=398|pages=1–13|doi=10.1177/000271627139800102|jstor=1038915|s2cid=145332403|issn=0002-7162}}</ref>

[[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I]] was the first ruler to utilize the power of the printing press for propaganda – in order to [[Cultural depictions of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|build his image]], stir up patriotic feelings in the population of his empire (he was the first ruler who utilized one-sided battle reports – the early predecessors of modern newspapers or ''neue zeitungen'' – targeting the mass.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kunczic |first1=Michael |editor-last=Preußer |editor-first=Heinz-Peter |contribution=Public Relations in Kriegzeiten – Die Notwendigkeit von Lüge und Zensur |title=Krieg in den Medien |date= 2016 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-94-012-0230-5 |page=242 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X3wfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA242 |access-date=7 February 2022 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kunczik |first1=Michael |title=Images of Nations and International Public Relations |date=6 May 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-68902-4 |page=158 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6hkfDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA158 |access-date=7 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>) and influence the population of his enemies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Museum |first1=Cincinnati Art |last2=Becker |first2=David P. |title=Six Centuries of Master Prints: Treasures from the Herbert Greer French Collection |date=1993 |publisher=Cincinnati Art Museum |isbn=978-0-931537-15-8 |page=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSjrAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Silver |first1=Larry |title=Marketing Maximilian: The Visual Ideology of a Holy Roman Emperor |date=2008 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-13019-4 |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4o3rAAAAMAAJ |access-date=7 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Füssel|2020|pp=10-12}} Propaganda during the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]], helped by the spread of the [[printing press]] throughout Europe, and in particular within Germany, caused new ideas, thoughts, and doctrine to be made available to the public in ways that had never been seen before the 16th century. During the era of the [[American Revolution]], the [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonies]] had a flourishing network of newspapers and printers who specialized in the topic on behalf of the [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriots]] (and to a lesser extent on behalf of the [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]]).<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.14315/arg-1975-jg07 |title = The Reformation in Print: German Pamphlets and Propaganda|journal =Archive for Reformation History|volume = 66|year = 1975|last1 = Cole|first1 = Richard G.|s2cid = 163518886|pages=93–102| issn = 0003-9381 }}</ref> Academic Barbara Diggs-Brown conceives that the negative connotations of the term "propaganda" are associated with the earlier social and political transformations that occurred during the [[French Revolutionary period]] movement of 1789 to 1799 between the start and the middle portion of the 19th century, in a time where the word started to be used in a nonclerical and political context.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Diggs-Brown |first1=Barbara |title=Cengage Advantage Books: Strategic Public Relations: An Audience-Focused Approach |date=2011 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-534-63706-4 |page=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7c0ycySng4YC&pg=PA48 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:LeafletToTampere1918.jpg|thumb|left|A 1918 Finnish propaganda leaflet signed by [[General Mannerheim]] circulated by the [[White Guard (Finland)|Whites]] urging the [[Red Guards (Finland)|Reds]] to surrender during the [[Finnish Civil War]]. [''To the residents and troops of [[Tampere]]! Resistance is hopeless. Raise the [[white flag]]<nowiki> and surrender. The blood of the citizen has been shed enough. We will not kill like the Reds kill our prisoners. Send your representative with a white flag.]</nowiki>'']]
The first large-scale and organised propagation of government propaganda was occasioned by the outbreak of the [[First World War]] in 1914. After the defeat of Germany, military officials such as General [[Erich Ludendorff]] suggested that British propaganda had been instrumental in their defeat. [[Adolf Hitler]] came to echo this view, believing that it had been a primary cause of the [[History of Germany during World War I#Defeat and revolt|collapse of morale and revolts]] in the [[German home front during World War I|German home front]] and [[Imperial German Navy#World War I|Navy]] in 1918 (see also: [[Dolchstoßlegende]]). In ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' (1925) Hitler expounded his theory of propaganda, which provided a powerful base for his rise to power in 1933. Historian [[Robert Ensor]] explains that "Hitler...puts no limit on what can be done by propaganda; people will believe anything, provided they are told it often enough and emphatically enough, and that contradicters are either silenced or smothered in calumny."<ref>Robert Ensor in David Thomson, ed., ''The New Cambridge Modern History: volume XII The Era of Violence 1890–1945'' (1st edition 1960), p 84.</ref> This was to be true in Germany and backed up with their army making it difficult to allow other propaganda to flow in.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yourman|first=Julius|date=November 1939|title=Propaganda Techniques Within Nazi Germany|journal=Journal of Educational Sociology|volume=13|issue=3|pages=148–163|doi=10.2307/2262307|jstor=2262307}}</ref> Most propaganda in [[Nazi Germany]] was produced by the [[Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda]] under [[Joseph Goebbels]]. Goebbels mentions propaganda as a way to see through the masses. Symbols are used towards propaganda such as justice, liberty and one's devotion to one's country.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cantril|first=Hadley|date=1938|title=Propaganda Analysis|journal=The English Journal|volume=27|issue=3|pages=217–221|doi=10.2307/806063|jstor=806063}}</ref> [[World War II]] saw continued use of propaganda as a weapon of war, building on the experience of [[Propaganda in World War I|WWI]], by Goebbels and the British [[Political Warfare Executive]], as well as the United States [[Office of War Information]].<ref>Fox, J. C., 2007, "Film propaganda in Britain and Nazi Germany : World War II cinema.", Oxford:Berg.</ref>

In the early 20th century, the invention of motion pictures (as in movies, diafilms) gave propaganda-creators a powerful tool for advancing political and military interests when it came to reaching a broad segment of the population and creating consent or encouraging rejection of the real or imagined enemy. In the years following the [[October Revolution]] of 1917, the [[Soviet Russia|Soviet]] government sponsored the Russian film industry with the purpose of making propaganda films (e.g., the 1925 film ''[[The Battleship Potemkin]]'' glorifies [[Communist]] ideals). In WWII, Nazi filmmakers produced highly emotional films to create popular support for occupying the [[Sudetenland]] and attacking Poland. The 1930s and 1940s, which saw the rise of [[totalitarian]] states and the [[Second World War]], are arguably the "Golden Age of Propaganda". [[Leni Riefenstahl]], a filmmaker working in [[Nazi Germany]], created one of the best-known propaganda movies, ''[[Triumph of the Will]]''. In 1942, the propaganda song ''[[Niet Molotoff]]'' was made in [[Finland]] during the [[Continuation War]], making fun of the [[Soviet Army|Red Army]]'s failure in the [[Winter War]], referring the song's name to the Soviet's [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]], [[Vyacheslav Molotov]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fono.fi/KappaleenTiedot.aspx?kappale=niet+molotoff&ID=64fad317-515d-4153-832c-5744b443f28c|title=Fono.fi – Äänitetietokanta|website=www.fono.fi|language=fi|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> In the US, [[American Animation in World War II|animation]] became popular, especially for winning over youthful audiences and aiding the U.S. war effort, e.g., ''[[Der Fuehrer's Face]]'' (1942), which ridicules [[Hitler]] and advocates the value of freedom. Some American [[war film]]s in the early 1940s were designed to create a patriotic mindset and convince viewers that sacrifices needed to be made to defeat the [[Axis Powers]].<ref>Philip M. Taylor, 1990, "Munitions of the mind: A history of propaganda", Pg. 170.</ref> Others were intended to help Americans understand their Allies in general, as in films like ''Know Your Ally: Britain'' and ''Our Greek Allies''. Apart from its war films, Hollywood did its part to boost American morale in a film intended to show how stars of stage and screen who remained on the home front were doing their part not just in their labors, but also in their understanding that a variety of peoples worked together against the Axis menace: ''[[Stage Door Canteen (film)|Stage Door Canteen]]'' (1943) features one segment meant to dispel Americans' mistrust of the Soviets, and another to dispel their bigotry against the Chinese. Polish filmmakers in Great Britain created the anti-Nazi color film ''Calling Mr. Smith''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lux.org.uk/work/calling-mr-smith1|title=Calling Mr. Smith – LUX|access-date=30 January 2018|archive-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425234317/https://lux.org.uk/work/calling-mr-smith1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.centrepompidou.fr/id/cAXbMp/rqGRLe9/fr|title=Calling Mr Smith|website=Centre Pompidou}}</ref> (1943) about Nazi crimes in [[German-occupied Europe]] and about lies of Nazi propaganda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://artincinema.com/franciszka-and-stefan-themerson-calling-mr-smith-1943/|title=Franciszka and Stefan Themerson: Calling Mr. Smith (1943) – artincinema|date=21 June 2015}}</ref>

The [[Western Bloc|West]] and the [[Soviet Union]] both used propaganda extensively during the [[Cold War]]. Both sides [[Cold War propaganda films|used film]], television, and radio programming to influence their own citizens, each other, and [[Third World]] nations. Through a front organization called the Bedford Publishing Company, the CIA through a covert department called the [[Office of Policy Coordination]] disseminated over one million books to Soviet readers over the span of 15 years, including novels by George Orwell, Albert Camus, Vladimir Nabokov, James Joyce, and Pasternak in an attempt to promote anti-communist sentiment and sympathy of Western values.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/06/why-the-cia-distributed-pocket-size-copies-of-doctor-zhivago-in-the-soviet-union/371369/|title=Is Literature 'the Most Important Weapon of Propaganda'?|author=Nick Romeo|website=[[The Atlantic]] |date=17 June 2014|access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref> [[George Orwell]]'s contemporaneous novels ''[[Animal Farm]]'' and ''[[Nineteen Eighty-Four]]'' portray the use of propaganda in fictional dystopian societies. During the [[Cuban Revolution]], [[Fidel Castro]] stressed the importance of propaganda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://prudentiapolitica.blogspot.com/2014/05/fidel-propaganda-is-heart-of-our.html|title=Prudentia Politica|author=prudentiapolitica|date=20 May 2014|access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Blogspot is not a reliable source.|date=March 2017}} Propaganda was used extensively by Communist forces in the [[Vietnam War]] as means of controlling people's opinions.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/sophana2007vietnamese.pdf|title=Vietnamese propaganda reflections from 1945 to 2000|author=Sophana Srichampa|journal=[[Mon-Khmer Studies]]|volume=37|pages=87–116|publisher=Mahidol University|location=Thailand|date=30 August 2007}}</ref>

During the [[Yugoslav wars]], [[Propaganda during the Yugoslav Wars|propaganda was used]] as a [[military strategy]] by governments of [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]] and [[Croatia]]. Propaganda was used to create fear and hatred, and particularly to incite the [[Serb]] population against the other ethnicities ([[Bosniaks]], [[Croats]], [[Albanians]] and other non-Serbs). Serb media made a great effort in justifying, revising or denying mass [[war crimes]] committed by Serb forces during these wars.<ref name="Boston University">{{cite web|date=12 April 1999|title=Serbian Propaganda: A Closer Look|url=http://www.bu.edu/globalbeat/pubs/Pesic041299.html|quote=NOAH ADAMS: The European Center for War, Peace and the News Media, based in London, has received word from Belgrade that no pictures of mass Albanian refugees have been shown at all, and that the Kosovo humanitarian catastrophe is only referred to as the one made up or over-emphasised by Western propaganda.|access-date=21 December 2007|archive-date=4 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604064124/http://www.bu.edu/globalbeat/pubs/Pesic041299.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>