Editing Prophet's Mosque (section)

=== Under subsequent Islamic states (660–1517) ===
[[File:Medina Grab des Propheten.JPG|thumb|The mosque during the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Era]], in the 19th century]]

In 706 or 707, the [[Umayyad]] caliph [[al-Walid I]] ({{reign|705|715}}) instructed his governor of Medina, the future caliph [[Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz]], to significantly enlarge the mosque.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1994|p=73}}{{sfn|Munt|2014|p=106}} According to the architectural historian Robert Hillenbrand, the building of a large scale mosque in Medina, the original center of the caliphate, was an "acknowledgement" by al-Walid of "his own roots and those of Islam itself" and possibly an attempt to appease Medinan resentment at the loss of the city's political importance to [[Bilad al-Sham|Syria]] under the Umayyads.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1994|p=73}}

It took three years for the work to be completed. Raw materials were procured from the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=NE McMillan|title=Fathers and Sons: The Rise and Fall of Political Dynasty in the Middle East|date=18 June 2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-29789-1|page=33}}</ref> Al-Walid lavished large sums for the mosque's reconstruction and supplied mosaics and Greek and [[Copts|Coptic]] craftsmen.{{sfn|Bacharach|1996|p=35}} The area of the mosque was increased from the area {{convert|5094|m2|ft2}} of Uthman's time, to {{convert|8672|m2|ft2}}.{{sfn|Ariffin|2005|p=62}} Its redevelopment entailed the demolition of the living quarters of [[Wives of Muhammad|Muhammad's wives]] and the expansion of the structure to incorporate the graves of Muhammad, Abu Bakr and Umar.{{sfn|Kennedy|2002|p=127}}{{sfn|Bacharach|1996|p=35}}{{sfn|Munt|2014|pp=106–108}} The vocal opposition to the demolition of Muhammad's home from local religious circles was dismissed by al-Walid.{{sfn|Hillenbrand|1994|p=73}} A wall was built to segregate the mosque and the houses of the wives of Muhammad. The mosque was reconstructed in a trapezoid shape with the length of the longer side being {{convert|101.76|m|ft}}. For the first time, [[porticoes]] were built in the mosque connecting the northern part of the structure to the sanctuary.{{sfn|Ariffin|2005|p=62}}

According to the 10th-century writer [[Ibn Rusta]], [[minaret]]s were also built for the first time during al-Walid's expansion as four towers were added to the mosque's corners.{{Sfn|Bloom|2013|p=49}} They may be the first minarets in [[Islamic architecture]],{{Sfn|Ettinghausen|Grabar|Jenkins-Madina|2001|p=21}} though it is not clear exactly what purpose these towers served in this early period.{{Sfn|Bloom|2013|p=49 (see also the rest of this chapter for context)}} At the time of Ibn Rusta's writing, only one of the original four towers remained standing. The southwest minaret was demolished in 716 on the orders of [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik]].{{Sfn|Bloom|2013|p=49}}

The [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] caliph [[al-Mahdi]] ({{reign|775|785}}) extended the mosque to the north by {{convert|50|m|ft}}. His name was also inscribed on the walls of the mosque. He also planned to remove six steps to the ''minbar'', but abandoned this idea, fearing damage to the wooden platforms on which they were built.{{sfn|Munt|2014|p=116}} The project required the demolition of the two northern minarets of al-Walid's time but they were replaced by two new towers at the northern corners of the new expansion.{{Sfn|Bloom|2013|pp=49–50}} According to an inscription of [[Ibn Qutaybah]], the caliph [[al-Ma'mun]] ({{reign|813|833}}) did "unspecified work" on the mosque. [[Al-Mutawakkil]] ({{reign|847|861}}) lined the enclosure of Muhammad's tomb with marble.{{sfn|Munt|2014|p=118}}

In 1269, the [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk]] sultan [[Baybars]] sent dozens of artisans led by the eunuch Emir Jamal al-Din Muhsin al-Salihi to rebuild the sanctuary, including enclosures around the tombs of Muhammad and of Fatima.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Marmon|first=Shaun Elizabeth|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHbmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|title=Eunuchs and Sacred Boundaries in Islamic Society|date=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-507101-6|pages=51|language=en|chapter=Madina: Sultan and Prophet}}</ref> The Mamluk sultan [[al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri]] ({{reign|1501|1516}}) built a dome of stone over his grave in 1476.<ref name="AMN">{{cite book|author1=Wahbi Hariri-Rifai, Mokhless Hariri-Rifai|title=The Heritage of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|year=1990|publisher=GDG Exhibits Trust|isbn=978-0-9624483-0-0|page=161}}</ref>