Editing Proplyd (section)

== Proplyds in other star-forming regions ==
[[File:Devastated Stellar Neighborhood.jpg|thumb|Dusty proplyds pointing to [[HD 17505]] in [[Westerhout 5]] as seen by the [[Spitzer Space Telescope]]]]
Photoevaporating proplyds in other star forming regions were found with the [[Hubble Space Telescope]]. [[NGC 1977]] currently represents the star-forming region with the largest number of proplyds outside of the Orion Nebula, with 7 confirmed proplyds. It was also the first instance where a B-type star, [[42 Orionis]] is responsible for the photoevaporation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=Jinyoung Serena|last2=Clarke|first2=Cathie J.|last3=Fang|first3=Min|last4=Facchini|first4=Stefano|title=Proplyds Around a B1 Star: 42 Orionis in NGC 1977|date=July 2016|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|language=en|volume=826|issue=1|pages=L15|doi=10.3847/2041-8205/826/1/L15|arxiv=1606.08271|bibcode=2016ApJ...826L..15K|issn=2041-8205|hdl=10150/621402|s2cid=118562469|hdl-access=free |doi-access=free }}</ref> In addition, 4 clear and 4 candidate proplyds were discovered in the very young region [[NGC 2024]], two of which have been photoevaporated by a B star.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Haworth |first1=Thomas |last2=Jinyoung |first2=Kim |last3=Winter |first3=Andrew |last4=Hines |first4=Dean |last5=Clarke |first5=Cathie |last6=Sellek |first6=Andrew |last7=Ballabio |first7=Giulia |last8=Stapelfeldt |first8=Karl |title=Proplyds in the flame nebula NGC 2024 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |date=March 2021 |volume=501 |issue=3 |pages=3502–3514 |doi=10.1093/mnras/staa3918 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2012.09166 }}</ref> The [[NGC 2024]] proplyds are significant because they imply that external photoevaporation of protoplanetary disks could compete even with very early planet formation (within the first half a million years).

Another type of photoevaporating proplyd was discovered with the [[Spitzer Space Telescope]]. These cometary tails represent [[Circumstellar dust|dust]] being pulled away from the disks.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Balog|first1=Zoltan|last2=Rieke|first2=G. H.|last3=Su|first3=Kate Y. L.|last4=Muzerolle|first4=James|last5=Young|first5=Erick T.|date=2006-09-25|title=Spitzer MIPS 24 μm Detection of Photoevaporating Protoplanetary Disks|journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters|language=en|volume=650|issue=1|pages=L83|doi=10.1086/508707|arxiv=astro-ph/0608630|bibcode=2006ApJ...650L..83B|issn=1538-4357|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Westerhout 5]] is a region with many dusty proplyds, especially around [[HD 17505]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Koenig|first1=X. P.|last2=Allen|first2=L. E.|author2-link=Lori Allen (astronomer)|last3=Kenyon|first3=S. J.|last4=Su|first4=K. Y. L.|last5=Balog|first5=Z.|date=2008-10-03|title=Dusty Cometary Globules in W5|journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters|language=en|volume=687|issue=1|pages=L37|doi=10.1086/593058|arxiv=0809.1993|bibcode=2008ApJ...687L..37K|issn=1538-4357|doi-access=free}}</ref> These dusty proplyds are depleted of any gas in the outer regions of the disk, but the photoevaporation could leave an inner, more robust, and possibly gas-rich disk component of radius 5-10 [[astronomical unit]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Balog|first1=Zoltan|last2=Rieke|first2=George H.|last3=Muzerolle|first3=James|last4=Bally|first4=John|last5=Su|first5=Kate Y. L.|last6=Misselt|first6=Karl|last7=Gáspár|first7=András|date=November 2008|title=Photoevaporation of Protoplanetary Disks|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|language=en|volume=688|issue=1|pages=408|doi=10.1086/592063|arxiv=0807.3724|bibcode=2008ApJ...688..408B|issn=0004-637X|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The proplyds in the Orion Nebula and other star-forming regions represent proto-planetary disks around [[low-mass stars]] being externally photoevaporated. These low-mass proplyds are usually found within 0.3 [[parsec]] (60,000 [[astronomical unit]]s) of the massive OB star and the dusty proplyds have tails with a length of 0.1 to 0.2 parsec (20,000 to 40,000 au).<ref name=":0" /> There is a proposed type of intermediate massive counterpart, called [[proplyd-like objects]]. Objects in [[NGC 3603]] and later in [[Cygnus OB2]] were proposed as intermediate massive versions of the bright proplyds found in the Orion Nebula. The proplyd-like objects in Cygnus OB2 for example are 6 to 14 parsec distant to a large collection of [[OB star]]s and have tail lengths of 0.11 to 0.55 parsec (24,000 to 113,000 au).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wright|first1=Nicholas J.|last2=Drake|first2=Jeremy J.|last3=Drew|first3=Janet E.|last4=Guarcello|first4=Mario G.|last5=Gutermuth|first5=Robert A.|last6=Hora|first6=Joseph L.|last7=Kraemer|first7=Kathleen E.|title=Photoevaporating Proplyd-Like Objects in Cygnus Ob2|date=February 2012|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|language=en|volume=746|issue=2|pages=L21|doi=10.1088/2041-8205/746/2/L21|issn=2041-8205|arxiv=1201.2404|bibcode=2012ApJ...746L..21W|s2cid=16509383}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brandner|first1=Wolfgang|last2=Grebel|first2=Eva K.|last3=Chu|first3=You-Hua|last4=Dottori|first4=Horacio|last5=Brandl|first5=Bernhard|last6=Richling|first6=Sabine|last7=Yorke|first7=Harold W.|last8=Points|first8=Sean D.|last9=Zinnecker|first9=Hans|date=January 2000|title=HST/WFPC2 and VLT/ISAAC Observations of Proplyds in the Giant H II Region NGC 3603*|journal=The Astronomical Journal|language=en|volume=119|issue=1|pages=292|doi=10.1086/301192|arxiv=astro-ph/9910074|bibcode=2000AJ....119..292B|s2cid=15502401|issn=1538-3881}}</ref> The nature of proplyd-like objects as intermediate massive proplyds is partly supported by a spectrum for one object, which showed that the mass loss rate is higher than the mass accretion rate. Another object did not show any outflow, but accretion.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Guarcello|first1=M. G.|last2=Drake|first2=J. J.|last3=Wright|first3=N. J.|last4=García-Alvarez|first4=D.|last5=Kraemer|first5=K. E.|title=Accretion and Outflow in the Proplyd-Like Objects Near Cygnus Ob2|date=September 2014|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|language=en|volume=793|issue=1|pages=56|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/793/1/56|arxiv=1409.1017|bibcode=2014ApJ...793...56G|issn=0004-637X|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== List of star-forming regions with proplyds ===
List is sorted after distance.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Star-Forming region (SFR)
!example image
!Distance
([[light-year]]s)
!Age of SFR
([[Myr]]s)
!Ionizing stars
!spectral type of
ionizing stars
!Number of proplyds
!type of proplyd
!References
|-
|[[Sh2-279|NGC 1977]]
|[[File:NGC 1977 proplyds zoom.png|frameless|87x87px]]
|1305
|4
|[[42 Orionis]]
|B1V
|7
|gaseous + dusty tails
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Kharchenko |first1=N. V. |last2=Piskunov |first2=A. E. |last3=Schilbach |first3=E. |last4=Röser |first4=S. |last5=Scholz |first5=R. -D. |date=2016-01-01 |title=Global survey of star clusters in the Milky Way. V. Integrated JHKS magnitudes and luminosity functions |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=585 |pages=A101 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201527292 |bibcode=2016A&A...585A.101K |issn=0004-6361|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Lambda Orionis Cluster]]
|[[File:Proplyd Lambda Orionis.png|frameless|82x82px]]
|1305
|6
|[[Meissa]]
|O8IIIf+B0.5V
|2
|dusty tails
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thévenot |first1=Melina |last2=Doll |first2=Katharina |last3=Durantini Luca |first3=Hugo A. |date=2019-07-01 |title=Photoevaporation of Two Proplyds in the Star Cluster Collinder 69 Discovered with Spitzer MIPS |journal=Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=95 |doi=10.3847/2515-5172/ab30c5 |bibcode=2019RNAAS...3...95T |issn=2515-5172 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
|[[Orion Nebula]]
|[[File:Proplyd 182-413 JWST NIRCam.jpg|frameless|80x80px]]
|1344
|1
|[[Theta1 Orionis C]]
|O6Vp+B0V
|178
|gaseous + dark disks
|<ref name="ricci08" /><ref name=":4" />
|-
|[[Messier 43]]
|[[File:Proplyd 332-1605 JWST only proplyd.jpg|frameless|80x80px]]
|1300
|1
|NU Orionis (HD 37061)
|B0.5V
|3
|gaseous
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last=O'Dell |first=C. R. |date=2001-11-01 |title=New Proplyds, Outflows, Shocks, and a Reflection Nebula in M43 and the Outer Parts of the Orion Nebula |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AJ....122.2662O/abstract |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=122 |pages=2662–2667 |bibcode=2001AJ....122.2662O |doi=10.1086/323720 |issn=0004-6256}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Habart |first=Emilie |last2=Peeters |first2=Els |last3=Berné |first3=Olivier |last4=Trahin |first4=Boris |last5=Canin |first5=Amélie |last6=Chown |first6=Ryan |last7=Sidhu |first7=Ameek |last8=Van De Putte |first8=Dries |last9=Alarcón |first9=Felipe |last10=Schroetter |first10=Ilane |last11=Dartois |first11=Emmanuel |last12=Vicente |first12=Sílvia |last13=Abergel |first13=Alain |last14=Bergin |first14=Edwin A. |last15=Bernard-Salas |first15=Jeronimo |date=2024-05-01 |title=PDRs4All. II. JWST's NIR and MIR imaging view of the Orion Nebula |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024A&A...685A..73H/abstract |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=685 |pages=A73 |arxiv=2308.16732 |bibcode=2024A&A...685A..73H |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202346747 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref>
|-
|[[Flame Nebula]]
|[[File:New bright proplyd Flame Nebula.png|frameless|80x80px]]
|1350
|0.2 to 0.5
|IRS1, IRS2b
|B0.5V, O8V
|4 or 8
|gaseous
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[NGC 2264]]
|[[File:Proplyd NGC 2264.png|frameless|110x110px]]
|2609
|4
|[[S Monocerotis|S Mon]]
|O7Ve
|1
|dusty tails
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Balog |first1=Zoltan |last2=Rieke |first2=G. H. |last3=Su |first3=Kate Y. L. |last4=Muzerolle |first4=James |last5=Young |first5=Erick T. |date=2006-10-01 |title=Spitzer MIPS 24 μm Detection of Photoevaporating Protoplanetary Disks |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=650 |issue=1 |pages=L83–L86 |doi=10.1086/508707 |bibcode=2006ApJ...650L..83B |issn=0004-637X|doi-access=free |arxiv=astro-ph/0608630 }}</ref>
|-
|[[IC 1396]]
|[[File:Proplyd IC 1396.png|frameless|101x101px]]
|2723
|3
|[[HD 206267]]
|O6V
|1
|dusty tails
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|[[NGC 6193]]
|[[File:Proplyd NGC 6193.png|frameless|83x83px]]
|3783
|5
|[[HD 150136]], CD-48 11071
|O3.5-4III(f*)+O6IV, B0V
|8 or 9
|dusty tails
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thévenot |first=Melina |date=2020-01-01 |title=Cometary Tails as a Sign of Disk Photoevaporation in NGC 6193 |journal=Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=15 |doi=10.3847/2515-5172/ab701d |bibcode=2020RNAAS...4...15T |issn=2515-5172 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
|[[Cygnus OB2]]
|[[File:IRAS20324 (48339932252).png|frameless|80x80px]]
|4566
|3-5
|Cluster of O-stars
|
|11
|large "proplyd-like" objects + dusty tails
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Guarcello |first1=M. G. |last2=Drake |first2=J. J. |last3=Wright |first3=N. J. |last4=Drew |first4=J. E. |last5=Gutermuth |first5=R. A. |last6=Hora |first6=J. L. |last7=Naylor |first7=T. |last8=Aldcroft |first8=T. |last9=Fruscione |first9=A. |last10=García-Alvarez |first10=D. |last11=Kashyap |first11=V. L. |last12=King |first12=R. |date=2013-08-01 |title=The Protoplanetary Disks in the Nearby Massive Star-forming Region Cygnus OB2 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...773..135G |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=773 |issue=2 |pages=135 |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/773/2/135 |arxiv=1306.5757 |bibcode=2013ApJ...773..135G |issn=0004-637X|hdl=10871/22086 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=Nicholas J. |last2=Drake |first2=Jeremy J. |last3=Drew |first3=Janet E. |last4=Guarcello |first4=Mario G. |last5=Gutermuth |first5=Robert A. |last6=Hora |first6=Joseph L. |last7=Kraemer |first7=Kathleen E. |date=2012-02-01 |title=Photoevaporating Proplyd-like Objects in Cygnus OB2 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...746L..21W |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=746 |issue=2 |pages=L21 |doi=10.1088/2041-8205/746/2/L21 |issn=0004-637X|arxiv=1201.2404 |bibcode=2012ApJ...746L..21W }}</ref>
|-
|[[NGC 2244]]
|[[File:Proplyd NGC 2244.png|frameless|80x80px]]
|4892
|4
|[[HD 46150]]
|O5V
|1
|dusty tails
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|[[Trifid Nebula]]
|[[File:Closeup of Proplyd in Trifid Nebula (opo0417e).jpg|frameless|80x80px]]
|5479
|8
|HD 164492A
|O7.5
|1
|gaseous
|<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yusef-Zadeh |first1=F. |last2=Biretta |first2=J. |last3=Geballe |first3=T. R. |date=2005-09-01 |title=Hubble Space Telescope and United Kingdom Infrared Telescope Observations of the Center of the Trifid Nebula: Evidence for the Photoevaporation of a Proplyd and a Protostellar Condensation |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AJ....130.1171Y |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=130 |issue=3 |pages=1171–1176 |doi=10.1086/432095 |issn=0004-6256|arxiv=astro-ph/0505155 |bibcode=2005AJ....130.1171Y }}</ref>
|-
|[[Pismis 24]]
|[[File:Pismis 24 proplyd 1 F850LP.png|frameless|80x80px]]
|5544
|1
|Pis 24-1, Pis 24-2
|O3I, O5.5 V(f)
|5
|gaseous
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fang |first1=M. |last2=van Boekel |first2=R. |last3=King |first3=R. R. |last4=Henning |first4=Th. |last5=Bouwman |first5=J. |last6=Doi |first6=Y. |last7=Okamoto |first7=Y. K. |last8=Roccatagliata |first8=V. |last9=Sicilia-Aguilar |first9=A. |date=2012-03-01 |title=Star formation and disk properties in Pismis 24 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012A&A...539A.119F |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=539 |pages=A119 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201015914 |arxiv=1201.0833 |bibcode=2012A&A...539A.119F |issn=0004-6361|hdl=10486/662673 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
|-
|[[Lagoon Nebula]]
|[[File:Lagoon Nebula proplyd.jpg|frameless|80x80px]]
|5871
|5
|Herschel 36
|O7V
|1
|gaseous
|<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stecklum |first1=B. |last2=Henning |first2=T. |last3=Feldt |first3=M. |last4=Hayward |first4=T. L. |last5=Hoare |first5=M. G. |last6=Hofner |first6=P. |last7=Richter |first7=S. |date=1998-02-01 |title=The Ultracompact H II Region G5.97-1.17: an Evaporating Circumstellar Disk in M8 |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=767–776 |doi=10.1086/300204 |bibcode=1998AJ....115..767S |issn=0004-6256|doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
|[[Westerhout 5]]
|[[File:Proplyd W5-HD 17505.png|frameless|80x80px]]
|7500
|5
|HD 17505, HD 18326
|O6.5III((f))n+O8V, O7V
|4
|dusty tails
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sota |first1=A. |last2=Maíz Apellániz |first2=J. |last3=Walborn |first3=N. R. |last4=Alfaro |first4=E. J. |last5=Barbá |first5=R. H. |last6=Morrell |first6=N. I. |last7=Gamen |first7=R. C. |last8=Arias |first8=J. I. |date=2011-04-01 |title=The Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey. I. Classification System and Bright Northern Stars in the Blue-violet at R ~ 2500 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=193 |issue=2 |pages=24 |doi=10.1088/0067-0049/193/2/24 |bibcode=2011ApJS..193...24S |issn=0067-0049|doi-access=free |arxiv=1101.4002 }}</ref><ref name=":3" />
|-
|[[Carina Nebula]] (disputed)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sahai |first1=R. |last2=Güsten |first2=R. |last3=Morris |first3=M. R. |date=2012-12-01 |title=Are Large, Cometary-shaped Proplyds Really (Free-floating) Evaporating Gas Globules? |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...761L..21S |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=761 |issue=2 |pages=L21 |doi=10.1088/2041-8205/761/2/L21 |issn=0004-637X|arxiv=1211.0345 |bibcode=2012ApJ...761L..21S }}</ref>
|[[File:Proplyds within the Carina Nebula (NGC 3372) (noao0301a).jpg|frameless|80x80px]]
|7501
|3
|Cluster of O-stars
|
|"dozens"
|large "proplyd-like" objects + dark disks
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Nathan |last2=Bally |first2=John |last3=Morse |first3=Jon A. |date=2003-04-01 |title=Numerous Proplyd Candidates in the Harsh Environment of the Carina Nebula |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApJ...587L.105S |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=587 |issue=2 |pages=L105–L108 |doi=10.1086/375312 |bibcode=2003ApJ...587L.105S |issn=0004-637X}}</ref>
|-
|[[NGC 3603]]
|[[File:NGC 3603 proplyd 1.jpg|frameless|80x80px]]
|19569
|1
|Cluster of O-stars
|
|3
|large "proplyd-like" objects
|<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brandner |first1=Wolfgang |last2=Grebel |first2=Eva K. |last3=Chu |first3=You-Hua |last4=Dottori |first4=Horacio |last5=Brandl |first5=Bernhard |last6=Richling |first6=Sabine |last7=Yorke |first7=Harold W. |last8=Points |first8=Sean D. |last9=Zinnecker |first9=Hans |date=2000-01-01 |title=HST/WFPC2 and VLT/ISAAC Observations of Proplyds in the Giant H II Region NGC 3603 |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=292–301 |doi=10.1086/301192 |bibcode=2000AJ....119..292B |issn=0004-6256|doi-access=free |arxiv=astro-ph/9910074 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Sagittarius A*|Sgr A*]]
|
|26673
|unknown
|Multiple O- and [[Wolf–Rayet star|WR-stars]]
|
|34
|gaseous
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yusef-Zadeh |first1=F. |last2=Roberts |first2=D. A. |last3=Wardle |first3=M. |last4=Cotton |first4=W. |last5=Schödel |first5=R. |last6=Royster |first6=M. J. |date=2015-03-01 |title=Radio Continuum Observations of the Galactic Center: Photoevaporative Proplyd-like Objects Near Sgr A* |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...801L..26Y |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=801 |issue=2 |pages=L26 |doi=10.1088/2041-8205/801/2/L26 |issn=0004-637X|arxiv=1502.03109 |bibcode=2015ApJ...801L..26Y }}</ref>
|}