Editing Protest (section)

==Typology==
[[File:Manifestació 27 d'agost.jpg|thumb|right|200px|March next to the [[Benito Juárez Hemicycle]], 27 August 1968, [[Mexico City]]]]
[[File:We Stand with Ukraine 2022 Helsinki - Finland (51905533738).jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Street protester]]s with signs demonstrating in [[Helsinki|Helsinki, Finland]] after [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia invaded Ukraine]] in February 2022]]
Thomas Ratliff and Lori Hall<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Practicing the Art of Dissent: Toward a Typology of Protest Activity in the United States|last=Ratliff|first=Thomas|year=2014|journal=Humanity & Society|volume=38|issue=3|pages=268–294|doi=10.1177/0160597614537796|s2cid=147285566}}</ref> have devised a typology of six broad activity categories of the protest activities described in the Dynamics of Collective Action project.
* '''Literal, symbolic, aesthetic and sensory''' - Artistic, dramaturgical, and symbolic displays (street theater, dancing, etc.) including use of images, objects, graphic art, musical performances, or vocal/auditory exhibitions (speech-making, chanting, etc.).<ref>Tom Bieling (Ed.): Design (&) Activism – Perspectives on Design as Activism and Activism as Design. Mimesis, Milano, 2019, {{ISBN|978-88-6977-241-2}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McIntyre |first=Iain |date=2019-09-02 |title=Creative activism 101: An antidote for despair |url=https://commonslibrary.org/creative-activism-101-an-antidote-for-despair/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref> May also include tactile exchanges of information (petitions, leaflets, etc.) and the destruction of objects of symbolic or political value. Highly visible and most diverse category of activity; impacts on society (police response, media focus, impact on potential allies, etc.) often are underestimated.{{By whom|date=July 2020}}
* '''Solemnity and the sacred''' – Vigils, prayer, or rallies, in the form of religious service, [[candlelight vigil]]s, cross or coffin bearing etc. All directly related to the [[Durkheimian]] "[[sacred]]", or some form of religious or spiritual practice, belief, or ideology. Events where sacred activity is the primary focus are rarely responded to by police with force or presence. Solemnity usually provides a distinct quietness or stillness, changing the energy, description, and interpretation of such events.
* '''Institutional and conventional''' – Institutionalized activity or activity highly dependent on formal political processes and social institutions (press conferences, lawsuits, lobbying, etc.). Often conflated with non-confrontational and nonviolent activities in research as the ''other'' or reference category. More ''acceptable'' because it operates, to some degree, within the system. Historically contentious issue in regard to the practice of protest due to this integration within the system.
* '''Movement in space''' – Marches or parades (processional activities) from one spatio-temporal location to another, with beginning or ending places sometimes chosen for symbolic reasons. Picket lines often used in labor strikes but can be used by non-labor actors but the key differences between picket and processionals are the distance of movement. Events that take the form of a procession are logistically much more difficult to police (even if it is for the safety of protesters). Marches are some of the largest events in this period.
* '''Civil disobedience''' – Withholding obligations, [[sit-in]]s, blockades, [[shop-in]]s, occupations, bannering, "camping", etc., are all specific activities which constitute the tactical form of civil disobedience. In some way, these activities directly or technically break the law. Usually given most attention by researchers, media, and authorities. Often conflated with violence and threats because of direct action and confrontational nature, but should serve as a distinct category of action (both in the context of tactical and strategic planning and in the control of activity).{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* '''Collective violence and threats''' – Collective violence such as pushing, shoving, hitting, punching, damaging property, throwing objects, verbal threats, etc., is usually committed by a relative few out of many protesters (even tens of thousands). It is rare in occurrence and rarely condoned by the public or onlookers (particularly the media). Usually met with equivalent or overwhelming force in response by authorities.

Some forms of [[direct action]] listed in this article are also [[Demonstration (people)|public demonstrations]] or rallies:
* [[Demonstration (people)|Protest march]], a historically and geographically common form of [[nonviolent]] action by groups of people.
* [[Picketing (protest)|Picketing]], a form of protest in which people congregate outside a place of work or location where an event is taking place. Often, this is done in an attempt to dissuade others from going in ("crossing the picket line"), but it can also be done to draw public attention to a cause.
* [[Street protester]]s demonstrate in areas with high visibility, often employing handmade [[wikt:placard|placards]] such as [[sandwich board]]s or picket signs in order to maximize exposure and interaction with the public.
* [[Lockdown]]s and [[Lock-on (protest tactic)|lock-on]]s are a way to stop movement of an object like a structure or tree, and to thwart the removal of actual protesters from the location. Users employ various chains, locks and even the [[sleeping dragon (manoeuver)|sleeping dragon]] for impairment of those trying to remove them with a matrix of composted materials.
* [[Die-in]]s are a form of protest where participants simulate being dead (with varying degrees of realism). In the simplest form of a die-in, protesters simply lie down on the ground and pretend to be dead, sometimes covering themselves with signs or banners. Much of the effectiveness depends on the posture of the protesters, for when not properly executed, the protest might look more like a "sleep-in". For added realism, simulated wounds are sometimes painted on the bodies, or bandages, usually made to appear bloody, are used.
* [[Protest song]] is a song which protests perceived problems in society. Every major movement in Western history has been accompanied by its own collection of protest songs, from slave [[abolitionism in the United States|emancipation]] to women's [[suffrage]], the [[labor movement]], [[civil rights]], the anti-war movement, the [[feminist]] movement, the environmental movement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paine |first=Andy |date=2019-09-03 |title=Listen and Watch to 40 years of Australian Blockading Songs |url=https://commonslibrary.org/listen-and-watch-40-years-of-australian-blockading-songs/ |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=The Commons Social Change Library |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wade |first=Valeri |last2=McIntyre |first2=Iain |author-link2=Iain McIntyre |last3=Jakubai |first3=Mikal |last4=Koehler |first4=Bart |last5=Rand |first5=Joanne |date=2018-12-23 |title=Treesitters and troubadours |url=https://www.3cr.org.au/earthmatters/episode-201812231100/treesitters-and-troubadours |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=3CR Community Radio |language=en}}</ref> Over time, the songs have come to protest more abstract, moral issues, such as [[injustice]], [[racial discrimination]], the morality of war in general (as opposed to purely protesting individual wars), [[globalization]], inflation, [[social inequalities]], and [[incarceration]].
* [[Radical cheerleading]]. The idea is to ironically re-appropriate the aesthetics of [[cheerleading]], for example by changing the [[chant]]s to promote [[feminism]] and left-wing causes. Many radical cheerleaders (some of whom are male, [[transgender]] or non-gender identified) are in appearance far from the stereotypical image of a cheerleader.
* <!-- -Copied from Critical Mass Wikipedia page April 2009- -->[[Critical Mass (cycling)|Critical Mass]] bike rides have been perceived as protest activities. A 2006 ''[[The New Yorker|New Yorker]]'' article described Critical Mass' activity in New York City as "monthly political-protest rides", and characterized Critical Mass as a part of a [[social movement]];<ref>{{cite news|title=Holy Rollers|first=Ben|last=Mcgrath|date=13 November 2006|url=http://www.newyorker.com/printables/fact/061113fa_fact}}</ref> the U.K. [[e-zine]] [[Urban75]], which advertises as well as publishes photographs of the Critical Mass event in London, describes this as "the monthly protest by cyclists reclaiming the streets of London".<ref>{{cite web|title=Critical Mass London|publisher=[[Urban75]]|year=2006|url=http://www.urban75.org/photos/critical}}</ref> However, Critical Mass participants have insisted that these events should be viewed as "celebrations" and spontaneous gatherings, not as protests or organized demonstrations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pittsburgh Critical Mass|url=http://pghcriticalmass.org/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928023011/http://www.pghcriticalmass.org/|archive-date=28 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Critical Mass: Over 260 Arrested in First Major Protest of RNC|date=30 August 2004|publisher=Democracy Now!|url=http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/08/30/1453256|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114174744/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04%2F08%2F30%2F1453256|archive-date=14 November 2007 }}</ref> This stance allows Critical Mass to argue a legal position that its events can occur without advance notification of local police.<ref>{{cite news|title=Critical crackdown|first=Matt|last=Seaton|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,1600570,00.html|location=London|date=26 October 2005|access-date=22 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=[*BCM*] Hong Kong Critical Mass News|first=Adam|last=Rosi-Kessel|date=24 August 2004|url=http://www.bostoncriticalmass.org/pipermail/bostoncriticalmass/2004-August/000146.html}}</ref>
* [[Toyi-toyi]] is a Southern African dance originally from Zimbabwe that became famous for its use in political protests in the apartheid-era South Africa. See [[Protest in South Africa]].

===Written demonstration===
Written evidence of political or economic power, or democratic justification may also be a way of protesting.
* [[Petition]]s
* [[Letter (message)|Letters]] (to show political power by the volume of letters): Used by some letter writing campaigns, especially those with a [[form letter]] that supporters are given to sign

===Civil disobedience demonstrations===
[[File:NYC Mike Brown-Ferguson protest Broadway 3.JPG|thumb|A protester [[photobombing]] a news reporter during a protest in New York City]]
[[File:Protest over TET, SSC education scam in West Bengal 01.jpg|thumb|TET passed candidates who are protesting over SSC scam in [[West Bengal]], beneath the statue of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in [[Kolkata]] Maidan.]]

Any protest could be [[civil disobedience]] if a "ruling authority" says so, but the following are ''usually'' civil disobedience demonstrations:
* [[Public nudity]] or [[topfree]] (to protest indecency laws or as a [[publicity stunt]] for another protest such as a war protest) or [[animal mistreatment]] (e.g. [[PETA]]'s campaign against fur). See also [[Nudity and protest]].
* [[Sit-in]]
* [[Photobombing]] – disrupting an event being broadcast live
* [[Raasta roko]] – people blocking auto traffic with their bodies
* [[Silent protest]]
* [[Lebenslaute]]

===As a residence===
* [[Peace camp]]
* Formation of a [[tent city]]
* [[Camp for Climate Action]]

===Destructive===
[[File:M2109 Iraq War Protest (Black Bloc Element).jpg|thumb|[[Black bloc]] members spray graffiti during an [[Protests against the Iraq War#March 21, 2009|Iraq War Protest]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/7563356@N08/3377938160/ https://www.flickr.com] Image of black bloc members during an Iraq War protest in Washington, D.C., 21 March 2009</ref>]]
* [[Vandalism]] – Smashing windows or spraying [[graffiti]] is used as a form of riot, and is sometimes employed by [[black bloc]] groups.
* [[Riot]] – Protests or attempts to end protests sometimes lead to rioting.
* [[Looting]]{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} – stealing goods from establishments or businesses (takes place during riots)
* [[Self-immolation]]
* [[Suicide]]
* [[Hunger strike]]
* [[Bombing]]{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

===Non-destructive===
* [[Silent protest]]<ref>{{cite web|first=D.|last=Parvaz|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/02/2011220125132363934.html|title=Iran's Silent Protests|website=Al Jazeera|date=21 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220153714/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/02/2011220125132363934.html|archive-date=20 December 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> – protests or parades in which participants are nonviolent and usually silent in an attempt to avoid violent confrontation with military or police forces. This tactic was effectively used during the [[Arab Spring]] in cities such as [[Tehran]] and [[Cairo]].

===Direct action===
* [[Civil resistance]]<ref name=CivilResistance/>
* [[Nonviolent resistance]]
* [[Occupation (protest)|Occupation]]
* [[Public shaming]]

===Against a government===
[[File:Washington, D.C. license plate, 2013.jpg|thumb|The [[District of Columbia]] issues [[License Plates|license plates]] protesting the "[[taxation without representation]]" that occurs due to its [[District of Columbia voting rights|special status]].]]
* [[Tax resistance]]
* [[Conscientious objector]]{{Citation needed|date=October 2019}}
* [[Flag desecration]]

===Against a military shipment===
* [[Port Militarization Resistance]] – protests which attempt to prevent military cargo shipments

===Against a planning application or development===
* [[NIMBY]] ("not in my backyard") – protest by residents of an area against a development in the area they see as undesirable

===By government employees===
[[File:Gov Walker Protests1 JR.jpg|thumb|Protest inside the [[Wisconsin State Capitol]]]]
* [[Bully pulpit]]
* [[Judicial activism]]
* [[Filibuster]]

===Job action===
{{Main|Industrial action}}
* [[Strike action]]
* [[Walkout]]
* [[Work-to-rule]]

===In sports===
*[[U.S. national anthem kneeling protests]]

===By management===
* [[Lockout (industry)|Lockout]]

===By tenants===
* [[Rent strike]]

===By consumers===
* [[Boycott]]
* [[Consumer Court]]

===Information===
* Informative [[Letter (message)|letters]], letter writing campaigns, letters to the editor
* [[Teach-in]]
* [[Zine]]
* [[Soapbox|Soap-box]]ing

===Civil disobedience to censorship===
* [[Samizdat]] (distributing censored materials)
* Protest graffiti

===By Internet and social networking===
{{Main article|Internet activism}}
[[File:Day 3 Occupy Wall Street 2011 Shankbone 13.JPG|thumb|[[Occupy Wall Street]] protesters in [[Zuccotti Park]] using the Internet to get their message out over social networking as events happen, September 2011]]Blogging and social networking have become effective tools to register protest and grievances. Protests can express views or news, and use viral networking to reach out to thousands of people. With protests on the rise from the [[US election 2016|U.S. election season of 2016]] going into 2017, protesters became aware that using their [[social media]] during a protest could make them an easier target for [[government surveillance]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/01/use-social-media-protest-without-big-brother-snooping/|title=How to Use Social Media at a Protest Without Big Brother Snooping|last=Newman|first=Lily Hay|newspaper=WIRED|access-date=9 February 2017}}</ref>

===Literature, art and culture===
* [[Culture jamming]]

===Against religious or ideological institutions===
* [[Recusancy]]
* [[Book burning]]