Editing Protoscience (section)

==Conceptual framework==
===Cognitive field===
Philosophers describe protoscience using the <em>cognitive field</em> concept.{{sfn|Bunge|1983|pp=175, 202–03}}{{sfn|Tuomela|1987|p=88}}  In every society, there are fields of [[knowledge]] (cognitive fields).{{sfn|Bunge|1983|p=175}}  The cognitive field consists of a community of individuals within a society with a domain of inquiry, a philosophical worldview, logical/mathematical tools, specific background knowledge from neighboring fields, a set of problems investigated, accumulated knowledge from the community, aims and methods.{{sfn|Bunge|1983|pp=202–03}}  Cognitive fields are either <em>belief fields</em> or <em>research fields</em>.{{sfn|Bunge|1983|pp=202–03}}  A cognitive research field invariably changes over time due to research; research fields include natural sciences, applied sciences, mathematics, technology, medicine, jurisprudence, social sciences and the humanities.{{sfn|Tuomela|1987|p=91}}{{sfn|Bunge|1983|p=175}}  A belief field (faith field) is "a cognitive field which either does not change at all or changes due to factors other than research (such as economic interest, political or religious pressure, or brute violence)."{{sfn|Tuomela|1987|p=91}}{{sfn|Bunge|1983|p=175}}  Belief fields include political ideology, religion, pseudodoctrines and pseudoscience.{{sfn|Tuomela|1987|p=92}}

===Science field===
A <em>science field</em> is a research field that satisfies 12 conditions: 1) all components of the science field invariably change over time from research in the field, especially logical/mathematical tools and specific background/presuppositions from other fields; 2) the research community has special training, “hold strong information links”, initiates or continues the “tradition of inquiry”; 3) researchers have autonomy to pursue research and receive support from the host society; 4) the researchers worldview is the real world as contains “lawfully changing concrete” objects, an adequate view of the scientific method, a vision of organized science achieving truthfull descriptions and explanations, ethical principles for conducting research, and the free search for truthful, deep and systematic understanding; 5) up-to-date logical/mathematical tools precisely determine and process information;   
6) the domain of research are real objects/entities; 7) specific background knowledge is up-to-date, confirmed data, hypotheses and theories from relevant neighboring fields; 8) the set of problems investigated are from the domain of inquiry or within the research field; 9) the accumulated knowledge includes worldview-compatible, up-to-date testworthy/testable theories, hypotheses and data, and special knowledge previously accumlated in the research field; 10) the aims are find and apply laws and theories in the domain of inquiry, systemize acquired knonwledge, generalized information into theories, and improve research methods; 11) appropriate scientific methods are “subject to test, correction and justification”; 12) the research field is connected with a wider research field with similar capable researchers capable of “scientific inference, action and discussion”, similar hosting society, a domain of inquiry containing the domain of inquiry of the narrower field, and shared worldview, logical/mathematical tools, background knowledge, accumulated knowledge, aims and methods.{{sfn|Tuomela|1987|pp=89–90}}

===Protoscience===
Philosophers define protoscience as an undeveloped science field, undeveloped meaning an incomplete or approximate science field.  [[Mario Bunge]] defined a protoscience as a research field that approximately satisfies a similar set of the 12 science conditions.{{sfn|Bunge|1983|pp=202–03}}  A protoscience that is evolving to ultimately satisfy all 12 conditions is an <em>emerging</em> or <em>developing</em> science.{{sfn|Bunge|1983|p=203}}  Bunge states, "The difference between protoscience and pseudoscience parallels that between error and deception."{{sfn|Bunge|1983|p=203}} A protoscience may not survive or evolve to a science or [[pseudoscience]].{{sfn|Bunge|2010|p=253}}  Kuhn was skeptical about any remedy that would reliably transform a protoscience to a science stating, “I claim no therapy to assist the transformation of a proto-science to a science, nor do I suppose anything of this sort is to be had.”{{sfn|Kuhn|1970|p=245}}

[[Raimo Tuomela]] defined a protoscience as a research field that satisfies 9 of the 12 science conditions; a protoscience fails to satisfy the up-to-date conditions for logic/mathematical tools, specific background knowledge from neighboring fields, and accumulated knowledge (5, 7, 9), and there is reason to believe the protoscience will ultimately satisfy all 12 conditions.{{sfn|Tuomela|1987|p=92}}  Protosciences and belief fields are both non-science fields, but only a protoscience can become a science field.{{sfn|Tuomela|1987|p=92}}  Tuomela emphasizes that the cognitive field concept refers to "ideal types" and there may be some persons within a science field with non-scientific "attitudes, thinking and actions"; therefore, it may be better to apply scientific and non-scientific to "attitudes, thinking and actions" rather than directly to cognitive fields.{{sfn|Tuomela|1987|p=92}}