Editing Quark (section)

== Etymology ==
For some time, Gell-Mann was undecided on an actual spelling for the term he intended to coin, until he found the word ''quark'' in [[James Joyce]]'s 1939 book ''[[Finnegans Wake]]'':<ref>
{{cite book
 |author=J. Joyce
 |title=Finnegans Wake
 |page=[https://archive.org/details/finneganswake00jame_0/page/383 383]
 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]]
 |year=1982
 |orig-date=1939
 |isbn=978-0-14-006286-1
 |url=https://archive.org/details/finneganswake00jame_0/page/383
}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|<poem>
– Three quarks for Muster Mark!
Sure he hasn't got much of a bark
And sure any he has it's all beside the mark.
</poem><!-- If the novel is divided into chapters or stuff like that, especially if it's not the original edition, specifying the chapter (or the smallest division thereof) would be useful for readers having an edition with different page numbers. -->
}}

The word ''quark'' is an outdated English word meaning ''to croak''<ref>
{{cite encyclopedia
 |title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 
 |url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=quark
 |access-date=2020-10-02
}}</ref> and the above-quoted lines are about a bird choir mocking king [[Mark of Cornwall]] in the legend of [[Tristan and Iseult]].<ref>
{{cite book
 |author=L. Crispi
 |author2=S. Slote
 |title=How Joyce Wrote Finnegans Wake. A Chapter-by-Chapter Genetic Guide
 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]]
 |year=2007
 |page=345
 |isbn=978-0-299-21860-7
}}</ref> Especially in the German-speaking parts of the world there is a widespread legend, however, that Joyce had taken it from the word {{lang|de|Quark}},<ref>
{{cite book
 |author=H. Fritzsch
 |title=Das absolut Unveränderliche. Die letzten Rätsel der Physik
 |year=2007
 |publisher=[[Piper Verlag]]
 |isbn=978-3-492-24985-0
 |page=99
}}</ref> a [[German language|German]] word of [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] origin which denotes [[Quark (dairy product)|a curd cheese]],<ref>
{{cite book
 |author=S. Pronk-Tiethoff
 |year=2013
 |title=The Germanic loanwords in Proto-Slavic
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0iWLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA71
 |publisher=[[Rodopi (publisher)|Rodopi]]
 |page=71
 |isbn=978-94-012-0984-7
}}</ref> but is also a colloquial term for "trivial nonsense".<ref>
{{cite encyclopedia
 |title=What Does 'Quark' Have to Do with Finnegans Wake?
 |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/quark
 |dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]
 |access-date=2018-01-17
}}</ref> In the legend it is said that he had heard it on a journey to Germany at a [[farmers' market]] in [[Freiburg]].<ref>
{{cite news
 |author=U. Schnabel
 |date=16 September 2020
 |title=Quarks sind so real wie der Papst
 |newspaper=Die Zeit
 |access-date=2020-10-02
 |url=https://www.zeit.de/2020/39/quarks-elementarteilchen-existenz-physik-zweifel
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
 |author=H. Beck
 |title=Alles Quark? Die Mythen der Physiker und James Joyce
 |url=https://www.literaturportal-bayern.de/text-debatte?task=lpbblog.default&id=1365
 |work=Literaturportal Bayern
 |date=2 February 2017
 |access-date=2020-10-02 
}}</ref>
Some authors, however, defend a possible German origin of Joyce's word ''quark''.<ref>
{{cite web
 |author=G. E. P. Gillespie
 |title=Why Joyce Is and Is Not Responsible for the Quark in Contemporary Physics
 |url=http://www.siff.us.es/iberjoyce/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/POJ-3.pdf
 |work=Papers on Joyce 16
 |access-date=2018-01-17
}}</ref> Gell-Mann went into further detail regarding the name of the quark in his 1994 book ''The Quark and the Jaguar'':<ref name="Murray">
{{cite book
 |author=M. Gell-Mann
 |title=The Quark and the Jaguar: Adventures in the Simple and the Complex
 |page=180
 |publisher=[[Henry Holt and Co.|Henry Holt and Co]]
 |year=1995
 |isbn=978-0-8050-7253-2
}}</ref>
{{blockquote|In 1963, when I assigned the name "quark" to the fundamental constituents of the nucleon, I had the sound first, without the spelling, which could have been "kwork". Then, in one of my occasional perusals of ''Finnegans Wake'', by James Joyce, I came across the word "quark" in the phrase "Three quarks for Muster Mark". Since "quark" (meaning, for one thing, the cry of the gull) was clearly intended to rhyme with "Mark", as well as "bark" and other such words, I had to find an excuse to pronounce it as "kwork". But the book represents the dream of a publican named Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker. Words in the text are typically drawn from several sources at once, like the "[[portmanteau]]" words in ''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]''. From time to time, phrases occur in the book that are partially determined by calls for drinks at the bar. I argued, therefore, that perhaps one of the multiple sources of the cry "Three quarks for Muster Mark" might be "Three quarts for Mister Mark", in which case the pronunciation "kwork" would not be totally unjustified. In any case, the number three fitted perfectly the way quarks occur in nature.}}

Zweig preferred the name ''ace'' for the particle he had theorized, but Gell-Mann's terminology came to prominence once the quark model had been commonly accepted.<ref>
{{cite book
 |author=J. Gleick
 |title=Genius: Richard Feynman and Modern Physics
 |page=390
 |publisher=[[Little Brown and Company]]
 |year=1992
 |isbn=978-0-316-90316-5
}}</ref>

The quark flavors were given their names for several reasons. The up and down quarks are named after the up and down components of [[isospin]], which they carry.<ref name="sakurai">
{{cite book
 |author=J. J. Sakurai
 |editor=S. F. Tuan
 |title=Modern Quantum Mechanics
 |url=https://archive.org/details/modernquantummec00saku_488
 |url-access=limited
 |page=[https://archive.org/details/modernquantummec00saku_488/page/n388 376]
 |edition=Revised
 |publisher=[[Addison–Wesley]]
 |year=1994
 |isbn=978-0-201-53929-5
}}</ref> Strange quarks were given their name because they were discovered to be components of the [[strange particle]]s discovered in cosmic rays years before the quark model was proposed; these particles were deemed "strange" because they had unusually long lifetimes.<ref name="DHPerkins" /> Glashow, who co-proposed the charm quark with Bjorken, is quoted as saying, "We called our construct the 'charmed quark', for we were fascinated and pleased by the symmetry it brought to the subnuclear world."<ref>
{{cite book
 |author=M. Riordan
 |title=The Hunting of the Quark: A True Story of Modern Physics
 |page=[https://archive.org/details/huntingofquarktr00mich/page/210 210]
 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]
 |year=1987
 |isbn=978-0-671-50466-3
 |url=https://archive.org/details/huntingofquarktr00mich/page/210
}}</ref> The names "top" and "bottom", coined by Harari, were chosen because they are "logical partners for up and down quarks".<ref name="Harari"/><ref name="StaleyTopBottomNames"/><ref name="DHPerkins">
{{cite book
 |author=D. H. Perkins
 |title=Introduction to High Energy Physics
 |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00perk_790
 |url-access=limited
 |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00perk_790/page/n21 8]
 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
 |year=2000
 |isbn=978-0-521-62196-0
}}</ref> Alternative names for top and bottom quarks are "truth" and "beauty" respectively,{{refn|group=nb|"Beauty" and "truth" are contrasted in the last lines of [[Keats]]' 1819 poem "[[Ode on a Grecian Urn]]" and may have been the origin of those names.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/remnantsoffallre0000roln |url-access=registration |quote=quark keats truth beauty. |title=Remnants Of The Fall: Revelations Of Particle Secrets |author=W. B. Rolnick |page=[https://archive.org/details/remnantsoffallre0000roln/page/136 136] |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-981-238-060-9 |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV1rbCXrcQ0C&q=%22quark%22+keats+truth+beauty&pg=PT191 |title=Higgs Force: Cosmic Symmetry Shattered |author=N. Mee |date=2012 |publisher=Quantum Wave Publishing |isbn=978-0-9572746-1-7 |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ipf5CwAAQBAJ&q=%22quark%22+keats+truth+beauty&pg=PT214 |title=May We Borrow Your Language?: How English Steals Words From All Over the World |author=P. Gooden |date=2016 |publisher=Head of Zeus |isbn=978-1-78497-798-6 |access-date=14 October 2018}}</ref>}} but these names have somewhat fallen out of use.<ref>
{{cite book
 |author=F. Close
 |title=The New Cosmic Onion
 |page=133
 |publisher=[[CRC Press]]
 |year=2006
 |isbn=978-1-58488-798-0
}}</ref> While "truth" never did catch on, accelerator complexes devoted to massive production of bottom quarks are sometimes called "[[B-factory|beauty factories]]".<ref>
{{cite web
 |author=J. T. Volk
 |display-authors=etal
 |year=1987
 |title=Letter of Intent for a Tevatron Beauty Factory
 |url=http://lss.fnal.gov/archive/test-proposal/0000/fermilab-proposal-0783.pdf
 |id=Fermilab Proposal #783
}}</ref>