Editing Quinoline Yellow WS (section)

=== Possible cause of hyperactivity ===
Since the 1970s and the well-publicized advocacy of [[Benjamin Feingold]], there has been public concern that food colorings may cause [[ADHD]]-like behavior in children.<ref name=FDAdyecomm>FDA. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110331210358/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/FoodAdvisoryCommittee/UCM248549.pdf Background Document for the Food Advisory Committee: Certified Color Additives in Food and Possible Association with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: March 30-31, 2011]</ref>  These concerns have led the U.S. FDA and other food safety authorities to regularly review the scientific literature, and led the UK FSA to commission a study by researchers at the [[University of Southampton]] to assess the effect of a mixture of six food dyes ([[Tartrazine]], [[Allura Red]], [[Ponceau 4R]], Quinoline Yellow WS, [[Sunset Yellow FCF]] and [[Carmoisine]] (dubbed the "Southampton 6")) and [[sodium benzoate]] (a preservative) on children in the general population, who consumed them in beverages; the study published in 2007.<ref name=FDAdyecomm/><ref name=FSAguideline>Sarah Chapman of Chapman Technologies on behalf of Food Standards Agency in Scotland.  March 2011 [Guidelines on approaches to the replacement of Tartrazine, Allura Red, Ponceau 4R, Quinoline Yellow, Sunset Yellow and Carmoisine in food and beverages]</ref>  The study found "a possible link between the consumption of these artificial colours and a sodium benzoate preservative and increased hyperactivity" in the children;<ref name=FDAdyecomm/><ref name=FSAguideline/> the advisory committee to the FSA that evaluated the study also determined that because of study limitations, the results could not be extrapolated to the general population, and further testing was recommended".<ref name=FDAdyecomm/>

The European regulatory community, with a stronger emphasis on the [[precautionary principle]], required labelling and temporarily reduced the [[acceptable daily intake]] (ADI) for the food colorings; the UK FSA called for voluntary withdrawal of the colorings by food manufacturers.<ref name=FDAdyecomm/><ref name=FSAguideline/>  However, in 2009 the EFSA re-evaluated the data at hand and determined that "the available scientific evidence does not substantiate a link between the color additives and behavioral effects".<ref name=FDAdyecomm/><ref name=EFSA2009QY>{{cite journal|last1=EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS|title=Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Quinoline Yellow (E 104) as a food additive|journal=EFSA Journal|date=November 2009|volume=7|issue=11|pages=1329|doi=10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1329|doi-access=free}}</ref>   On the basis of other evidence the EFSA also reduced the [[acceptable daily intake]] (ADI) from 10 to 0.5&nbsp;mg/kg.<ref name=EFSA2009QY/>

The US FDA did not make changes following the publication of the Southampton study, but following a citizen petition filed by the [[Center for Science in the Public Interest]] in 2008, requesting the FDA ban several food additives, the FDA commenced a review of the available evidence, and still made no changes.<ref name=FDAdyecomm/>

No evidence supports broad claims that food coloring causes [[food intolerance]] and [[ADHD]]-like behavior in children.<ref>Tomaska LD and Brooke-Taylor, S. ''Food Additives - General'' pp 449-454  in Encyclopedia of Food Safety, Vol 2: Hazards and Diseases. Eds, Motarjemi Y et al.  Academic Press, 2013. {{ISBN|9780123786135}}</ref>{{rp|452}}  It is possible that certain food coloring may act as a trigger in those who are genetically predisposed, but the evidence is weak.<ref name=FDAdyecomm/><ref name=Peds2012>{{cite journal |author=Millichap JG, Yee MM |title=The diet factor in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder|journal=Pediatrics |volume=129 |issue=2 | pages=330–337 |date=February 2012 |pmid=22232312|doi=10.1542/peds.2011-2199 |s2cid=14925322}}</ref>