Editing Radiative forcing (section)

=== Related metrics ===
The concept of radiative forcing has been evolving from the initial proposal, named nowadays ''instantaneous radiative forcing'' (IRF), to other proposals that aim to relate better the radiative imbalance with global warming (global surface mean temperature). For example, researchers explained in 2003 how the ''adjusted troposphere and stratosphere forcing'' can be used in [[General circulation model|general circulation models]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shine |first1=Keith P. |last2=Cook |first2=Jolene |last3=Highwood |first3=Eleanor J. |last4=Joshi |first4=Manoj M. |date=23 October 2003 |title=An alternative to radiative forcing for estimating the relative importance of climate change mechanisms |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=30 |issue=20 |pages=2047 |bibcode=2003GeoRL..30.2047S |doi=10.1029/2003GL018141 |s2cid=59514371 |doi-access=free}}</ref> 

The adjusted radiative forcing, in its different calculation methodologies, estimates the imbalance once the stratosphere temperatures has been modified to achieve a radiative equilibrium in the stratosphere (in the sense of zero radiative heating rates). This new methodology is not estimating any ''adjustment'' or ''feedback'' that could be produced on the troposphere (in addition to stratospheric temperature adjustments), for that goal another definition, named ''effective radiative forcing'' has been introduced.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sherwood |first1=Steven C. |last2=Bony |first2=Sandrine |last3=Boucher |first3=Olivier |last4=Bretherton |first4=Chris |last5=Forster |first5=Piers M. |last6=Gregory |first6=Jonathan M. |last7=Stevens |first7=Bjorn |date=2015-02-01 |title=Adjustments in the Forcing-Feedback Framework for Understanding Climate Change |url=http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/38337/1/sherwood15forcefeed.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=217–228 |bibcode=2015BAMS...96..217S |doi=10.1175/bams-d-13-00167.1 |issn=0003-0007 |s2cid=12515303 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428115201/http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/38337/1/sherwood15forcefeed.pdf |archive-date=2019-04-28 |access-date=2019-12-16}}</ref> In general the ERF is the recommendation of the CMIP6 radiative forcing analysis <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Forster |first1=Piers M. |last2=Richardson |first2=Thomas |last3=Maycock |first3=Amanda C. |last4=Smith |first4=Christopher J. |last5=Samset |first5=Bjorn H. |last6=Myhre |first6=Gunnar |last7=Andrews |first7=Timothy |last8=Pincus |first8=Robert |last9=Schulz |first9=Michael |date=2016-10-27 |title=Recommendations for diagnosing effective radiative forcing from climate models for CMIP6 |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/111875/17/Forster_et_al-2016-Journal_of_Geophysical_Research__Atmospheres.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=121 |issue=20 |pages=12,460–12,475 |bibcode=2016JGRD..12112460F |doi=10.1002/2016jd025320 |issn=2169-897X |s2cid=59367633 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925083723/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/111875/17/Forster_et_al-2016-Journal_of_Geophysical_Research__Atmospheres.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-25 |access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref> although the stratospherically adjusted methodologies are still being applied in those cases where the adjustments and feedbacks on the troposphere are considered not critical, like in the well mixed greenhouse gases and ozone.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stevenson |first1=D. S. |last2=Young |first2=P. J. |last3=Naik |first3=V. |last4=Lamarque |first4=J.-F. |last5=Shindell |first5=D. T. |last6=Voulgarakis |first6=A. |last7=Skeie |first7=R. B. |last8=Dalsoren |first8=S. B. |last9=Myhre |first9=G. |date=2013-03-15 |title=Tropospheric ozone changes, radiative forcing and attribution to emissions in the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP) |url=http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/63025/1/Atmos._Chem._Phys._2013_Stevenson.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |language=en |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=3063–3085 |bibcode=2013ACP....13.3063S |doi=10.5194/acp-13-3063-2013 |issn=1680-7316 |s2cid=15347857 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121144029/http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/63025/1/Atmos._Chem._Phys._2013_Stevenson.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-21 |access-date=2019-09-04 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Checa-Garcia |first1=Ramiro |last2=Hegglin |first2=Michaela I. |last3=Kinnison |first3=Douglas |last4=Plummer |first4=David A. |last5=Shine |first5=Keith P. |date=2018-04-06 |title=Historical Tropospheric and Stratospheric Ozone Radiative Forcing Using the CMIP6 Database |url=http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/75867/8/Checa-Garcia_et_al-2018-Geophysical_Research_Letters.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=3264–3273 |bibcode=2018GeoRL..45.3264C |doi=10.1002/2017gl076770 |issn=0094-8276 |s2cid=53471515 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430055312/http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/75867/8/Checa-Garcia_et_al-2018-Geophysical_Research_Letters.pdf |archive-date=2019-04-30 |access-date=2019-12-16}}</ref> A methodology named ''radiative kernel approach'' allows to estimate the climate feedbacks within an offline calculation based on a linear approximation <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Soden |first1=Brian J. |last2=Held |first2=Isaac M. |last3=Colman |first3=Robert |last4=Shell |first4=Karen M. |last5=Kiehl |first5=Jeffrey T. |last6=Shields |first6=Christine A. |date=2008-07-01 |title=Quantifying Climate Feedbacks Using Radiative Kernels |journal=Journal of Climate |language=en |volume=21 |issue=14 |pages=3504–3520 |bibcode=2008JCli...21.3504S |citeseerx=10.1.1.141.653 |doi=10.1175/2007jcli2110.1 |issn=0894-8755 |s2cid=14679991}}</ref>