Editing Reforms of Russian orthography (section)

==19th-century changes==
[[File:XVIII century Russian font.png|thumb|Civil Russian font from middle 18th and beginning of 19th centuries, without a yo (ё) or short i (й)]]

Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, miscellaneous adjustments were made ''[[ad hoc]]'', as the Russian [[literary language]] came to assume its modern and highly standardized form. These included the introduction of the letter '''{{lang|ru-petr1708|ё}}''' ([[Yo (Cyrillic)|yo]]) and the gradual loss of '''{{lang|ru-petr1708|ѵ}}''' ([[izhitsa]], corresponding to the Greek ''[[upsilon]]'' '''υ'''  and the Latin '''y'''), in favor of '''{{lang|ru-petr1708|и}}''' or  '''{{lang|ru-petr1708|і}}''' (both of which represented {{IPA|/i/}}); and '''{{lang|ru-petr1708|ѳ}}''' ([[fita]], corresponding to the Greek ''[[theta]]'' '''θ'''), in favor of '''{{lang|ru-petr1708|ф}}''' or '''{{lang|ru-petr1708|т}}'''. (The standard Russian language neither has nor ever had a [[voiceless dental fricative]]. The '''{{lang|ru-petr1708|ѳ}}''' was used only for foreign words, particularly Greek.)

By 1917, the only two words still spelled with '''{{lang|ru-petr1708|ѵ}}''' in common use were {{lang|ru-petr1708|мѵро}} ({{Transliteration|ru|müro}}, {{IPA|[ˈmʲirə]}}, '[[chrism]]') and {{lang|ru-petr1708|сѵнодъ}} ({{Transliteration|ru|sünod}}, {{IPA|[sʲɪˈnot]}}, 'synod'). The '''{{lang|ru-petr1708|ѳ}}''' remained more common, though it became quite rare as a "Western" ([[French language|French]]-like) pronunciation had been adopted for many words; for example, {{lang|ru-petr1708|ѳеатръ}} ({{Transliteration|ru|ḟeatr}}, {{IPA|[fʲɪˈatr]}}, 'theater') became {{lang|ru-petr1708|театръ}} ({{Transliteration|ru|teatr}}, {{IPA|[tʲɪˈatr]}}).

[[File:JIUKEN typewriter.JPG|thumb|left|In early Russian typewriters like this one, there was no key for the digit 1, so the dotted І was used instead. Following the Russian alphabet reform of 1918, a 1 key was added.]]
Attempts to reduce spelling inconsistency culminated in the 1885 standard textbook of [[Yakov Grot|Yakov Karlovich Grot]], which retained its authority through 21 editions until the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]]. His fusion of the morphological, phonetic, and historic principles of [[Russian orthography]] remains valid to this day, though both the [[Russian alphabet]] and the writing of many individual words have been altered through a complicated but extremely consistent [[Russian spelling rules|system of spelling rules]] that tell which of two vowels to use under all conditions.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://godliteratury.ru/articles/2018/01/15/pishi-propalo-sto-let-reforme-russkoy-o|script-title=ru:Пиши пропало. Сто лет реформе русской орфографии|trans-title=It's gone: One hundred years of Russian spelling reform|script-website=ru:Год Литературы|trans-website=Year of Literature}}</ref>
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