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== Naming == [[Charles Hamilton Smith]] is credited with the name ''Rangifer'' for the reindeer genus,<ref name="ITZN-1958">{{Cite book |title=Opinion 91 Thirty-five generic names of mammals placed in the Official List of Generic Names In: Hemming, F. (Ed.) Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Opinions and declarations, Opinions rendered by the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature, Opinions 91 TO 97 |publisher=International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature |year=1958 |location=London, U.K. |pages=337–338}}</ref> which [[Albertus Magnus]] used in his {{lang|la|De animalibus}}, fol. Liber 22, Cap. 268: "Dicitur Rangyfer quasi ramifer". This word may go back to the [[Sámi languages|Sámi]] word {{lang|smi|raingo}}.<ref name="Sarauw" /> [[Carl Linnaeus]] chose the word ''tarandus'' as the specific epithet, making reference to [[Ulisse Aldrovandi]]'s {{lang|la|Quadrupedum omnium bisulcorum historia}} fol. 859–863, Cap. 30: De Tarando (1621). However, Aldrovandi and [[Conrad Gessner]]<ref>Gesner, K. (1617) {{lang|la|Historia animalium. Liber 1, De quadrupedibus viviparis}}. Tiguri 1551. p. 156: De Tarando. 9. 950: De Rangifero.</ref> thought that ''rangifer'' and ''tarandus'' were two separate animals.<ref>Aldrovandi, U. (1621) {{lang|la|Quadrupedum omnium bisulcorum historia}}. Bononiæ. Cap. 30: De Tarando– Cap. 31: De Rangifero.</ref> In any case, the ''tarandos'' name goes back to [[Aristotle]] and [[Theophrastus]]. The use of the terms ''reindeer'' and ''caribou'' for essentially the same animal can cause confusion, but the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|ICUN]] clearly delineates the issue: "Reindeer is the European name for the species of ''Rangifer,'' while in North America, ''Rangifer'' species are known as Caribou."<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /><ref name="ADF&G _profile">{{cite web | title=Caribou Species Profile | website=Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) | url=https://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=caribou.main | access-date=January 13, 2024}}</ref> The word ''[[wikt:reindeer|reindeer]]'' is an anglicized version of the [[Old Norse]] words {{lang|non|hreinn}} ("reindeer") and {{lang|non|dýr}} ("animal") and has nothing to do with reins.<ref name="Ref_">{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/75/D0087500.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040325232020/http://www.bartleby.com/61/75/D0087500.html|archive-date=25 March 2004|chapter=deer|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company|title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed. |year= 2000}}</ref> The word ''caribou'' comes through French, from the [[Mi'kmaq language|Mi'kmaq]] {{lang|mic|qalipu}}, meaning "snow shoveler", and refers to its habit of pawing through the snow for food.<ref>Flexner, Stuart Berg and Leonore Crary Hauck; eds. (1987). ''The Random House Dictionary of the English Language'', 2nd ed. (unabridged). New York: Random House, pp. 315–16</ref> Because of its importance to many cultures, ''Rangifer'' and some of its species and subspecies have names in many languages. [[Inuvialuit]] of the western [[Northern Canada|Canadian Arctic]] and [[Inuit]] of the eastern Canadian Arctic, who speak different dialects of the [[Inuit languages]], both call the barren-ground caribou {{lang|iu-Latn|tuktu}}.<ref>Spalding, Alex, ''Inuktitut – A Multi-Dialectal Outline Dictionary (with an Aivilingmiutaq base)''. Nunavut Arctic College, Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada, 1998.</ref><ref>{{lang|de|Eskimoisches Wörterbuch, gesammelt von den Missionaren in Labrador, revidirt und herausgegeben von Friedrich Erdmann}}. Budissin [mod. Bautzen] 1864.</ref><ref>[http://library.alaska.gov/hist/hist_docs/docs/anlm/200078.pdf Iñupiat Eskimo dictionary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202113016/http://library.alaska.gov/hist/hist_docs/docs/anlm/200078.pdf |date=2 February 2017 }}, ''[[Alaska State Library]]'', Donald H. Webster & Wilfried Zibell, 1970. Retrieved 23 March 2017.</ref> The Wekʼèezhìi ([[Tłı̨chǫ]]) people, a [[Dene]] (Athapascan) group, call the Arctic caribou {{lang|dgr|Ɂekwǫ̀}} and the boreal woodland caribou {{lang|dgr|tǫdzı}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Highlight on a Species at Risk - Tǫdzı (Boreal Caribou) |url=https://wrrb.ca/news/highlight-species-risk-todzi-boreal-caribou |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=Wek’èezhìi Renewable Resources Board}}</ref> The [[Gwichʼin]] (also a Dene group) have over 24 distinct caribou-related words.<ref name="FirstVoices">{{citation|title=Vuntut Gwich'in|url=http://www.firstvoices.com/en/Vuntut-Gwichin/words|work=First Voices|date=2001–2013|access-date=17 January 2014}}</ref> Reindeer are also called {{lang|kl|tuttu}} by the [[Greenlandic Inuit]]<ref>Jerry McCarthy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20030524130231/http://www.geocities.com/jerry_mccarthy_uk/grnvocab.pdf Greenlandic word list.] Reindeer are called {{lang|kl|tuttu}} (pl {{lang|kl|tuttut}}) by the Greenlandic Inuit.</ref> and {{lang|is|hreindýr}}, sometimes {{lang|is|rein}}, by the [[Icelanders]].
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