Editing Religious discrimination (section)

===Medieval===
[[File:Expulsion judios-en.svg|thumb|right|[[Expulsions and exoduses of Jews|Expulsions of Jews]] in Europe from 1100 to 1600]]
In the [[Middle Ages]], [[antisemitism in Europe]] was widespread. Christians falsely accused Jews of [[Jewish deicide]], [[blood libel]], and [[well poisoning]], and subjected them to expulsions, forced conversions, and mandatory sermons. In the [[Papal States]], Jews were required to live in poor segregated neighbourhoods called ghettos.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.holocaustcenterpgh.net/2-3.html |title=Why the Jews? – Black Death |publisher=Holocaustcenterpgh.net |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429065613/http://www.holocaustcenterpgh.net/2-3.html |archive-date=29 April 2007}}</ref> Historians note that religious discrimination against Jews tended to increase during negative economic and climatic shocks in Europe, such as when they were scapegoated for causing the [[Black Death]].<ref>See Stéphane Barry and Norbert Gualde, ''La plus grande épidémie de Histoire'' ("The greatest epidemics in history"), in ''[[L'Histoire]]'' magazine, n°310, June 2006, p.47 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>

During the [[Islamic Golden Age]], many Jewish, Christian, Zoroastrian, and Pagan lands came under [[Muslim]] rule. As [[People of the Book]], Jews, Christians, and [[Mandaeans]] living under Muslim rule became [[dhimmi]]s with social status inferior to that of Muslims. Although [[Sharia]] law granted dhimmis freedom of religion, they were subjected to religious discrimination as second-class citizens and had to pay a [[jizya]] tax. They could not proselytize Muslims, marry Muslims (in the case of dhimmi men), build or repair [[Church (building)|churches]] and [[synagogue]]s without permission, perform loud religious rituals such as the ringing of church bells, carry weapons, or ride horses and camels.<ref name="griffith">{{cite book |title=The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam |publisher=Princeton University Press |author=Sidney H. Griffith |year=2010 |isbn=978-0691146287}}</ref><ref name="sharkey">{{cite book |title=Introducing World Christianity |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |author=Heather J. Sharkey |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4443-4454-7 |page=10}}</ref><ref name="Karsh">{{cite book |last=Karsh |first=Ephraim |title=Islamic Imperialism: A History |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-300-10603-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicimperiali00kars}}</ref> These discriminatory laws forced many Christians into poverty and slavery.<ref name="stillman">{{cite book |last=Stillman |first=Norman A. |author-link=Norman Stillman |year=1998 |title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book |chapter=Under the New Order |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFN2ismyhEYC&pg=PA22 |location=[[Philadelphia]] |publisher=[[Jewish Publication Society]] |pages=22–28 |isbn=978-0-8276-0198-7}}</ref>

During the [[First Crusade]] (1096), Christian knights recaptured the [[Holy Land]] from Muslim rule, massacring most of the Muslims and Jews in Jerusalem. This led to the creation of Catholic-ruled [[Crusader states]], most notably the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. In these kingdoms Jews, Muslims, and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]] had no rights, being considered property of the crusader lords.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/cde-jlem.asp#gesta2 |title=King John of England: Royal Licenses to Export and Import, 1205–1206 |website=Fordham.edu}}</ref><ref>Mayer calls them "chattels of the state"; Hans Mayer, "Latins, Muslims, and Greeks in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem", History 63 (1978), pg. 177; reprinted in ''Probleme des lateinischen Königreichs Jerusalem'' (Variorum, 1983).</ref>