Editing Rentier state (section)

=== Other usage ===
Rentier state theories can also be applied to nations which trade on their strategic resources, such as an important [[military base]]: [[Egypt]] and [[Jordan]] have traditionally extracted ''strategic rent'' from the United States given their regional geopolitical importance.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Richards|first=Alan|date=1991|title=The political economy of dilatory reform: Egypt in the 1980s|journal=World Development|volume=19|issue=12|pages=1721–1730|doi=10.1016/0305-750X(91)90015-A}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of Jordan|last=Robins|first=Philip|date=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521591171|pages=29–30|oclc=826289226}}</ref> ''Semi-rentier states'', such as [[Kyrgyzstan]] and [[Tajikistan]], rely on migrants’ remittances or international economic aid.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://edinburgh.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748643042.001.0001/upso-9780748643042|title=Sovereignty After Empire: Comparing the Middle East and Central Asia|last1=Cummings|first1=Sally N.|last2=Hinnebusch|first2=Raymond|date=2011-07-31|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=9780748643042|pages=282–304|doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9780748643042.003.0013}}</ref> According to political scientist [[Gerasimos Tsourapas]], states hosting [[Refugee|forcibly-displaced]] population group(s), or ''refugee rentier states'', may seek to strategically extract outside income linked to their treatment of these group(s), as in the cases of [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], and [[Turkey]] in the context of the [[Refugees of the Syrian Civil War|Syrian refugee crisis]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tsourapas|first=Gerasimos|date=2019|title=The Syrian Refugee Crisis and Foreign Policy Decision-Making in Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey|journal=Journal of Global Security Studies|volume=4|issue=4|pages=464–481|doi=10.1093/jogss/ogz016|doi-access=free}}</ref> Building on international relations theory and work by [[Kenneth A. Oye]], Tsourapas differentiates between ''blackmailing'' and ''backscratching'' ''refugee rent-seeking strategies''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tsourapas |first1=Gerasimos |last2=Zartaloudis |first2=Sotirios |title=Leveraging the European Refugee Crisis: Forced Displacement and Bargaining in Greece's Bailout Negotiations |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcms.13211 |journal=JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies |date=2022 |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=245–263|doi=10.1111/jcms.13211 }}</ref>

Dependent upon it as a source of income, rentier states may generate rents externally by manipulating the global political and economic environment. Such manipulation may include [[monopolies]], trading restrictions, and the solicitation of [[subsidies]] or [[aid]] in exchange for political influence or conversely the solicitation of loans in exchange for the reserve currency, e.g., the United States.