Editing Retroflex consonant (section)

==Transcription==
===IPA transcription===
In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], the symbols for retroflex consonants are typically the same as for the [[alveolar consonant]]s, but with the addition of a [[hook (diacritic)|right-facing hook]] to the bottom of the symbol.

Retroflex consonants are transcribed in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] as follows:

{| class=wikitable
|-
! rowspan="2" | IPA
! rowspan="2" | Description
! colspan="4"| Example
|-
! Language
! Orthography
! IPA
! Meaning
|-
! {{IPA|ɳ̊}}
| [[voiceless retroflex nasal]]
| [[Iaai language|Iaai]]<ref>UCLA ''Working Papers in Phonetics'', vol. 53–55, p. 212.</ref>
| {{lang|iai|'''hnr'''athu}}
| {{IPA|['''ɳ̊'''aθu]}}
| 'cold'
|-
! rowspan="2" |{{IPA|ɳ}}
| rowspan="2" |[[voiced retroflex nasal]]
|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ਗਾ'''ਣਾ''' / گا'''ݨ'''ا
| {{IPA|[ˈgaː'''ɳ'''aˑ]}}
|song
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|ప'''ణ'''ము
|{{IPA|[pa'''ɳ'''amu]}}
|stake; bet
|-
! rowspan="2" |{{IPA|ʈ}}
| rowspan="2" |[[voiceless retroflex plosive]]
|[[Hindi]] / [[Urdu]]
| '''टां'''ग / '''ٹ'''انگ
|{{IPA|['''ʈ'''aːŋg]}}
|leg
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|'''టె'''క్కెము
|{{IPA|['''ʈ'''ekːkemu]}}
|banner; pennant
|-
! rowspan="3" |{{IPA|ɖ}}
| rowspan="3" |[[voiced retroflex plosive]]
|[[Somali language|Somali]]
| Ban'''dh'''ig
|{{IPA|[banː'''ɖ'''ig]}}
|presentation
|-
|[[Hindi]] / [[Urdu]]
|'''ड'''ब्बा / '''ڈ'''با
|{{IPA|['''ɖ'''əbːaː]}}
|box
|-
|[[Telugu language| Telugu]]
|'''డ'''గ్గర
|{{IPA|['''ɖ'''agːgara]}}
|phantom; apparition
|-
! {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂ}}
| [[voiceless retroflex affricate]]
| [[Torwali language|Torwali]]
| {{lang|trw|[[Arabic alphabet|'''ڇ'''ووو]]|rtl=yes}}
| {{IPA|[ʈ͡ʂuwu]}}
| to sew
|-
! {{IPA|ɖ͡ʐ}}
| [[voiced retroflex affricate]]
| [[Yi language|Yi]]
|{{lang|ii|[[Yi script|ꎐ]]}} / {{lang|ii-Latn|'''rr'''y}}
| {{IPA|[ɖ͡ʐɪ˧]}}
| tooth
|-
! rowspan="3" |{{IPA|ʂ}}
| rowspan="3" |[[voiceless retroflex fricative]]
|[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]
| 上海 ('''Sh'''ànghǎi)
|{{IPA|['''ʂ'''ɑ̂ŋ.xàɪ]}}
|Shanghai
|-
|[[Sanskrit]]
|भा'''षा'''
|{{IPA|[bʱɑ́ː'''ʂ'''ɑː]}}
|language
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|మి'''ష'''
|{{IPA|[mi'''ʂ'''a]}}
|pretext
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ʐ}}
| rowspan="2" | [[voiced retroflex fricative]]
| [[Russian language|Russian]]
|'''ж'''аба
| {{IPA|[ˈ'''ʐ'''abə]}}
| toad
|-
|[[Polish language|Polish]]
|'''ż'''aba
|{{IPA|[ˈ'''ʐ'''aba]}}
| frog
|-
! {{IPA|ɻ̊˔}}
| [[voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative]]
| [[Ormuri language|Ormuri]]<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Novák |first=Ľubomír |date=2013 |title=Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages |type=PhD |chapter=Other Eastern Iranian Languages |publisher=Charles University |location=Prague |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/4896441 |page=59 |isbn=}}</ref>
| colspan=3 | {{example needed|date=November 2022}}
|-
! {{IPA|ɻ˔}}
| [[voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative]]
| [[English language|English]] ([[South African English|Eastern Cape]])<ref name="sowl165">{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=165}}</ref>
| ''[[English orthography|'''r'''ed]]''
| {{IPA|[ɻ˔ed]}}
| 'red'
|-
! {{IPA|ɻ}}
| [[voiced retroflex approximant]]
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| தமி'''ழ்'''
| {{IPA|[t̪ɐmɨ'''ɻ''']}}
|Tamil
|-
! rowspan="3" |{{IPA|ɭ}}
| rowspan="3" |[[voiced retroflex lateral approximant]]
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ஆ'''ள்'''
|{{IPA|[ɑː'''ɭ''']}}
| person
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|నె'''ళ'''వు
|{{IPA|[ne'''ɭ'''awu]}}
|familiarity; acquaintance
|-
|[[Swedish language|Swedish]]
| Ka'''rl'''stad
|{{IPA|[ˈkʰɑː'''ɭ'''.sta]}}
|[[Karlstad]]
|-
! {{IPA|ɽ̊}}
| [[voiceless retroflex flap]]
| [[Dhivehi language|Dhivehi]]{{efn|name=Dhivehi|Some dialects, maybe a fricative, flap or a trill.}}
|colspan=3|{{example needed|date=December 2020}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɽ}}
| rowspan="2" | [[voiced retroflex flap]]
| [[Hausa language|Hausa]]
| shaa'''r'''a
| {{IPA|[ʃáː'''ɽ'''a]}}
| sweeping
|-
|[[Hindi]] / [[Urdu]]
|कीच'''ड़''' / '''کیچڑ'''
|{{IPA|[kiːt͡ʃə'''ɽ''']}}
|mud
|-
! {{IPA|ɽ͡r̥}}
| [[voiceless retroflex trill]]
| [[Dhivehi language|Dhivehi]]{{efn|name=Dhivehi}}<ref>{{citation |last=Maumoon |first=Yumna |year=2002 |title=A General Overview of the Dhivehi Language |place=Male |publisher=National Centre for Linguistic and Historical Research |isbn=99915-1-032-X |url=http://www.qaumiyyath.gov.mv/docs/whitepapers/language/GENERAL%20OVERVIEW%20OF%20DHIVEHI%20LANGUAGE.pdf |page=35}}</ref>
| colspan=3| {{example needed|date=March 2015}}
|-
! {{IPA|ɽ͡r}}
| [[voiced retroflex trill]]
| [[Wintu language|Wintu]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Pitkin |first=Harvey |date=1984 |title=Wintu grammar |series=University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 94) |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-09612-6 |page=34}}</ref>
| boloy noṛ-toṛoṛ
| [{{IPA|boloj noɽr toɽoɽr}}]
| '(ridge on a trail from [[Hayfork,_California|Hayfork]] to [[Hyampom,_California|Hyampom]])'
|-
! {{IPA|𝼈̊}} 
| [[voiceless retroflex lateral flap]]
| [[Wahgi language|Wahgi]]
|colspan=3|{{example needed|date=December 2020}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{IPA|𝼈}} 
| rowspan="2" | [[voiced retroflex lateral flap]]
| [[Pashto language|Pashto]]
| '''ړ'''وند
| {{IPA|['''𝼈'''und]}}
| blind
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|बा'''ळ'''
|{{IPA|[ˈbɑː'''𝼈''']}}
|baby
|-
! {{IPA|ꞎ}} 
| [[voiceless retroflex lateral fricative]]
| [[Toda language|Toda]]
| pü·'''ł̣'''
| {{IPA|[pʏːꞎ]}}
| summer
|-
! {{IPA|𝼅}} 
| [[voiced retroflex lateral fricative]]
| [[Ao language|Ao]]<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Gurubasave Gowda |first=K.S. |year=1972 |title=Ao-Naga Phonetic Reader |location=Mysore |publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages}}</ref>
|colspan=3|{{example needed|date=December 2020}}
|-
! {{IPA|ʈ͡ꞎ}} 
| [[voiceless retroflex lateral affricate]]
| [[Bhadarwahi language|Bhadarwahi]]
| '''ट्ळा'''
| {{IPA|[ʈ͡ꞎaː]}}
| three
|-
! {{IPA|ɖ͡𝼅}} 
| [[voiced retroflex lateral affricate]]
| [[Bhadarwahi language|Bhadarwahi]]
| है'''ड्ळ'''
| {{IPA|[haiɖ͡𝼅]}}
| turmeric
|-
! {{IPA|ʈʼ}}
| [[retroflex ejective stop]]
|[[Yokuts language|Yokuts]]
|{{lang|yok|ṭʼa∙yʼ}}
| {{IPA|[ʈʼaːjˀ]}}
|'[[down feather]]'
|-
! {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂʼ}}
| [[retroflex ejective affricate]]
| [[Gwichʼin language|Gwichʼin]]
| ''etrʼuu'' 
| {{IPA|[ɛʈ͡ʂʼu:]}}
| arctic tern
|-
! {{IPA|ᶑ̥}} ({{IPA|𝼉}})
| [[voiceless retroflex implosive]]
| [[Ngiti language|Ngiti]]
|colspan=3|{{example needed|date=December 2020}}
|-
! {{IPA|ᶑ}} 
| [[voiced retroflex implosive]]
| [[Ngadha language|Ngadha]]
| ''modhe'' 
| {{IPA|[ˈmoᶑe]}} 
| good
|-
! {{IPA|k͡𝼊 q͡𝼊<br>ɡ͡𝼊 ɢ͡𝼊<br>ŋ͡𝼊 ɴ͡𝼊}}
| [[retroflex clicks]]
| [[Central !Kung]]
| '''ɡ‼'''ú
| {{IPA|[ᶢ𝼊ú]}}
| water
|}

===Other conventions===
Some linguists restrict these symbols for consonants with subapical palatal articulation, in which the tongue is curled back and contacts the hard palate, and use the alveolar symbols with the [[Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet|obsolete IPA underdot symbol]] for an apical post-alveolar articulation: {{angbr IPA|ṭ, ḍ, ṇ, ṣ, ẓ, ḷ, ɾ̣, ɹ̣}}, and use {{angbr IPA|ᶘ, ᶚ}} for laminal retroflex, as in Polish and Russian.<ref name="Laver 1994 p. ">{{cite book | last=Laver | first=John | title=Principles of Phonetics | date=1994 | isbn=0-521-45031-4 | ol=22577661M }}</ref> The latter are also often transcribed with a retraction diacritic, as {{angbr IPA|s̠}}. Otherwise they are typically but inaccurately transcribed as if they were palato-alveolar, as {{angbr IPA|ʃ}}.

Consonants with more forward articulation, in which the tongue touches the [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] or [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] region rather than the hard palate, can be indicated with the [[Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|retracted diacritic]] ([[Plus and minus signs#Other uses|minus sign below]]). This occurs especially for {{IPA|[s̠ ẕ]}}; other sounds indicated this way, such as {{angbr IPA|ṉ ḻ ḏ}}, tend to refer to [[alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal]] rather than retroflex consonants.