Editing Retrograde signaling (section)

=== In yeast ===
The first retrograde signaling pathways discovered in [[yeast]] is the RTG pathway.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Parikh VS, Morgan MM, Scott R, Clements LS, Butow RA | title = The mitochondrial genotype can influence nuclear gene expression in yeast | journal = Science | volume = 235 | issue = 4788 | pages = 576–80 | date = January 1987 | pmid = 3027892 | doi = 10.1126/science.3027892 | bibcode = 1987Sci...235..576P }}</ref><ref name="Liu_2001">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu Z, Sekito T, Epstein CB, Butow RA | title = RTG-dependent mitochondria to nucleus signaling is negatively regulated by the seven WD-repeat protein Lst8p | journal = The EMBO Journal | volume = 20 | issue = 24 | pages = 7209–19 | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11742997 | pmc = 125777 | doi = 10.1093/emboj/20.24.7209 }}</ref> The RTG pathway plays an important role in maintaining the metabolic homeostasis of yeast.<ref name="Liu_2001" /> Under limited resources the mitochondria must maintain a balance of [[Glutamic acid|glutamate]] for the [[citric acid cycle]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jazwinski SM, Kriete A | title = The yeast retrograde response as a model of intracellular signaling of mitochondrial dysfunction | journal = Frontiers in Physiology | volume = 3 | pages = 139 | date = 2012 | pmid = 22629248 | pmc = 3354551 | doi = 10.3389/fphys.2012.00139 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Retrograde signaling from the mitochondria initiates production precursor molecules of glutamate to properly balance supplies within the mitochondria.<ref name="Liu_1999">{{cite journal | vauthors = Liu Z, Butow RA | title = A transcriptional switch in the expression of yeast tricarboxylic acid cycle genes in response to a reduction or loss of respiratory function | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 19 | issue = 10 | pages = 6720–8 | date = October 1999 | pmid = 10490611 | pmc = 84662 | doi = 10.1128/MCB.19.10.6720 }}</ref> Retrograde signaling can also act to arrest growth if problems are encountered. In ''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]],'' if the mitochondria fails to develop properly, they will stop growing until the issue is addressed or cell death is induced.<ref name="Liu_1999" /> This mechanism is vital to maintain homeostasis of the cell and ensure proper function of the mitochondria.<ref name="Liu_1999" />