Editing Right Opposition (section)

==Foundation of the International Communist Opposition==
The various right oppositional groups loosely aligned with Bukharin within the Comintern were forced to form their own organisations when they were, in their turn, purged from the national sections of the Comintern. In Europe, the most important and substantial of these new organisations was the [[Communist Party Opposition]] (KPO) in Germany, led by [[Heinrich Brandler]]. In the United States, [[Jay Lovestone]], [[Bertram Wolfe]], and their supporters founded the [[Communist Party (Opposition)]] and published the newspaper ''Workers Age''. In Canada, the Marxian Educational League was formed as part of Lovestone's CP(O), and it became affiliated with the [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]]. However, by the end of 1939, both the [[Toronto]] and [[Montreal]] groups of this organization had ceased to function.

In a few places, communist groups affiliated with the ICO achieved more success than the Comintern-affiliated organizations. For example, in Sweden, the [[Socialist Party (Sweden, 1929)|Socialist Party]] of [[Karl Kilbom]] and [[Nils Flyg]], affiliated with the ICO, received 5.7% of the vote in [[1932 Swedish general election|the 1932 elections]] to the [[Parliament of Sweden|Riksdag]], outpolling the Comintern section that received 3.9%.

In [[Catalonia]], Spain, the ICO-affiliated ''[[Workers and Peasants' Bloc|Bloc Obrer i Camperol]]'' (BOC), led by [[Joaquín Maurín]], was for a time larger and more important than the official Spanish Communist Party. Later, the BOC merged with [[Andrés Nin]]'s ''Izquierda Comunista'' in 1935 to form the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification ([[POUM]]) which was to be a major party backing the [[Second Spanish Republic]] in the [[Spanish Civil War]]. Maurín became [[general secretary]] of the POUM but was arrested early in the civil war. As a result, Nin, a former [[Trotskyist]], became the POUM's new leader.

In all, the ICO had member parties in fifteen countries during the 1930s. However, the ICO and its affiliates did not consider themselves a new international, but a "faction" that was involuntarily excluded from the Comintern and that was anxious to return to it if only the Comintern would change its policies and allow ICO members the freedom to advocate their positions.

Despite being identified with Bukharin, the ICO generally supported Stalin's economic policies (which Bukharin opposed),{{citation needed|date=February 2007}} such as the five-year plans to achieve rapid industrialization, and the [[collectivization of agriculture]]. Furthermore, they even supported the early [[Moscow trials]]. Their main difference with Stalin and the Comintern was over the issue of democracy within the Communist International and the influence of the CPSU in the Comintern and its sections, and over Stalin's international policy, particularly the [[Third Period]] and the subsequent [[popular front]] policies.

In addition, as the Moscow trials entered their second phase and turned against Bukharin and his supporters, disputes broke out within the ICO regarding whether there was any point in continuing with the concept of being an opposition within the communist movement rather than openly create a new international rival to the Comintern, as Trotsky did with his [[Fourth International]].