Editing Rodney Brooks (section)

===Academic work===
[[File:Rodney Brooks ML40.jpg|thumb|Rodney Brooks in 2005]]
Instead of [[computation]] as the ultimate [[conceptual metaphor]] that helped [[artificial intelligence]] become a separate discipline in the scientific community, he proposed that ''action'' or ''[[behavior]]'' is more appropriate to be used in robotics. Critical of applying the computational metaphor, even to the fields where the action metaphor is more relevant, he wrote in 2008 that:

<blockquote>Some of my colleagues have managed to recast Pluto's orbital behavior as the body itself carrying out computations on forces that apply to it. I think we are perhaps better off using Newtonian mechanics (with a little Einstein thrown in) to understand and predict the orbits of planets and others. It is so much simpler.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brooks|first=Rodney|date=2008|title=Computation as the Ultimate Metaphor ("What have you changed your mind about?")|url=https://www.edge.org/response-detail/11249|access-date=2021-10-31|website=www.edge.org}}</ref></blockquote>

In his 1990 paper, "Elephants Don't Play Chess",<ref name="elephants">{{cite journal | last=Brooks|first=RA| title= Elephants don't play chess| journal= Robotics and Autonomous Systems| volume= 6|issue=1–2| year =1990| pages= 139–159| url =http://www.liralab.it/teaching/ROBOTICA/docs/brooks.1990.pdf| doi=10.1016/s0921-8890(05)80025-9|citeseerx=10.1.1.588.7539}}</ref> Brooks argued that for robots to accomplish everyday tasks in an environment shared by humans, their higher cognitive abilities, including abstract thinking emulated by symbolic reasoning, need to be based on the primarily [[sensory-motor coupling]] (action) with the environment, complemented by the [[Proprioception#Components|proprioceptive sense]] which is a critical component in [[hand–eye coordination]], pointing out that:
<blockquote>Over time there's been a realization that vision, sound-processing, and early language are maybe the keys to how our brain is organized.<ref name="BeyondComput"/></blockquote>