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Role theory
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== The relationship between roles and norms == Some theorists view behavior as being enforced by [[social norm]]s. Turner rather argues that there is a norm of consistency that failing to conform to a role breaks a norm because it violates consistency.<ref>Sunstein, C. R. (1996). Social Norms and Social Roles. Columbia Law Review, 96(4), 903β968. https://doi.org/10.2307/1123430</ref> === Cultural roles === Cultural roles are seen as a matter of course, and are mostly stable. In cultural changes new roles can develop and old roles can disappear β these cultural changes are affected by political and social conflicts. For example, the [[feminist movement]] initiated a change in male and female roles in Western societies. The roles, or the exact duties of men more specifically are being questioned. With more women going further in school than men comes more financial and occupational benefits. Unfortunately, these benefits have not been shown to increase women's happiness.<ref>{{Cite web| title=The Paradox of Declining Female Happiness | url=https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/Intellectual_Life/Stevenson_ParadoxDecliningFemaleHappiness_Dec08.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917110734/https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/Intellectual_Life/Stevenson_ParadoxDecliningFemaleHappiness_Dec08.pdf | archive-date=2019-09-17}}</ref> === Social differentiation === {{Main|Differentiation (sociology)}} Social differentiation received a lot of attention due to the development of different job roles. [[Robert K. Merton]] distinguished between intrapersonal and interpersonal [[role conflict]]s. For example, a foreman has to develop his own social role facing the expectations of his team members and his supervisor β this is an interpersonal role conflict. He also has to arrange his different social roles as father, husband, club member β this is an intrapersonal role conflict. [[Ralph Dahrendorf]] distinguished between must-expectations, with sanctions; shall-expectations, with sanctions and rewards and can-expectations, with rewards. The foreman has to avoid corruption; he should satisfy his reference groups (e.g. team members and supervisors); and he can be sympathetic. He argues another component of role theory is that people accept their own roles in the society and it is not the society that imposes them. === Role behavior === In their life people have to face different social roles, sometimes they have to face different roles at the same time in different social situations. There is an evolution of social roles: some disappear and some new develop. Role behavior is influenced by: # The norms that determine a social situation. # Internal and external expectations are connected to a social role. # Social sanctions ([[Carrot and stick|punishment and reward]]) are used to influence role behavior. These three aspects are used to evaluate one's own behavior as well as the behavior of other people. [[Heinrich Popitz]] defines social roles as norms of behavior that a special social group has to follow. Norms of behavior are a set of behaviors that have become typical among group members; in case of deviance, negative sanctions follow. === Gender roles === Gender has played a crucial role in our societal norms and the distinction between how female and male roles are viewed in society. Specifically within the workplace, and in the home. Historically there was a division of roles created by society due to gender. Gender was a social difference between female and male; whereas sex was nature. Gender became a way to categorize men and women and divide them into their societal roles. Although gender is important there are many different ways that women are categorized in society. Other ways are racially and through class experience. While we have societal roles from gender, there will always be a separation between females and males.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Acker |first=Joan |date=September 1992 |title=From Sex Roles to Gendered Institutions |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2075528 |journal=Contemporary Sociology |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=565β569 |doi=10.2307/2075528|jstor=2075528 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Throughout history, the roles of women and men have changed with time as it progresses. Men developed traits that suited them for providing such as hunting and labor. Women acquired traits centered around children and home life. As the industry grew, men used their strength to find power and as a result they proceeded to obtain the majority of jobs. Through the distinct roles of male and female, women developed communal traits that were needed for caring and nurturing those around them. Males developed agentic traits that allowed for roles in leadership, hunting, and labor. With the advancement of times, with jobs and the industry moving away from strength and labor, women have advanced their education for employment. The sex segregation between women and men has decreased as time has matured and evolved away from traditional gender roles in society.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schneider |first1=Monica C. |last2=Bos |first2=Angela L. |date=February 2019 |title=The Application of Social Role Theory to the Study of Gender in Politics |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pops.12573 |journal=Political Psychology |language=en |volume=40 |issue=S1 |pages=173β213 |doi=10.1111/pops.12573 |issn=0162-895X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
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