Editing Roraima (section)

== Geography ==
[[File:Brazil Roraima relief map.jpg|thumb|Topographic map of Roraima.]]
Roraima is a state in the [[North Region, Brazil|North Region of Brazil]], being the northernmost state in the [[Federative Republic of Brazil]]. It has 1,922 kilometres of border with South American countries. It is bordered by the state of [[Pará]] to the southeast for 107&nbsp;km, [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]] to the south and west for about 1,200&nbsp;km partly across the Jufari, Jauaperi and Alalau rivers, [[Venezuela]] to the north and northwest for 1,403&nbsp;km across the Serra Parima and north across the Serra Pacaraima, and [[Guyana]] to the east for 964&nbsp;km.<ref name=":1" /> Roraima covers an area of approximately {{convert|223644.527|km2|-2|abbr=in}},<ref name=":0" /> slightly larger than [[Belarus]], being the [[List of Brazilian states by area|fourteenth largest Brazilian state by area]].<ref name=":2" />

Approximately {{convert|104,018|km2|-2|abbr=in}} of the state is composed of indigenous areas, representing almost half of the state's territory (46.37%).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2011-07-06|title=Portal Do Governo Do Estado De Roraima - Dados gerais sobre Roraima|url=http://www.portalroraima.rr.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=85&itemid=1|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706164153/http://www.portalroraima.rr.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=85&itemid=1|archive-date=6 July 2011}}</ref> The area of [[environmental preservation]] in the state, under the responsibility of the [[Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation]] (ICMBio), is also extensive, with {{convert|18,879|km2|-2|abbr=in}}, 8.42% of Roraima's area.<ref name=":3" /> For this reason, Roraima is the Brazilian state with the second-highest percentage of territory formed by [[protected area]]s, behind only the state of [[Amapá]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Portal Roraima|url=http://www.portal.rr.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33:empresas-e-profissionais-de-comunicacao&catid=25#:~:text=Por%20este%20motivo,%20Roraima%20%C3%A9,para%20o%20estado%20do%20Amap%C3%A1.|access-date=2021-04-24|website=www.portal.rr.gov.br}}</ref>

=== Relief ===
[[Mount Roraima]], located in [[Pacaraima Mountains]], is the highest point in the state and one of the highest in the country, with {{convert|2,875|m|-2|abbr=in}}. The relief in the state is quite varied. Near the borders of Venezuela and Guyana are the mountains of [[Parima Mountains|Parima]] and [[Pacaraima Mountains|Pacaraima]], where [[Mount Roraima]] is located, with an altitude of {{convert|2,875|m|-2|abbr=in}}. As it is in the far north of Brazil, its points in the far north are the [[Uailan River]] and Mount Caburaí.<ref name=":4" />

Roraima is predominantly flat. About 60% of the area is below {{convert|200|m|-2|abbr=in}}, about 25% averages between 200 and 300 metres, 14% from 300 to 900 metres and only 1% has elevations over 900 metres above [[sea level]]. There are also two [[Geomorphology|geomorphological]] structures: the Wavy Plateau and the Northern Escarpments, which are part of the [[Guiana Shield]]. Its Wavy Plateau is a large pediplain, formed by isolated and dispersed massifs and peaks.<ref name=":4" />

Because of its variations, the relief is divided into five degrees: The first-degree houses areas of the state that can be flooded, which do not have a specific form of relief, but which are covered by a thin layer of water; the second degree would be the [[Branco River]] pediplain, an important unit of enormous expression in the state since it occupies a large part of its lands. In this pediplain, the altitudes vary from 70 to 160 metres and have a low slope towards the river channels. The third degree is formed by elevations that can reach an altitude of 400 metres.<ref name=":4" /> There are mountain ranges such as Serra da Lua, Serra Grande, Serra da Batata and others. The fourth degree is characterized by elevations that can vary from 600 to 2,000 metres of altitude, formed mainly by the [[Pacaraima Mountains|Pacaraima mountain range]], [[Parima Mountains|Serra do Parima]] and Serra do Urucuzeiro. These mountains are joined in the form of chains and the rivers that form the [[Uraricoera River|Uraricoera river]] are born there. Finally, the fifth degree, groups the highest regions, formed by elevations that reach almost 3,000 metres of altitude.<ref name=":4" />

{{Multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| width = 220
| image4 = Parque Nacional do Monte Roraima (1).jpg
| caption4 = Landscape of the [[Mount Roraima National Park]]
| image1 = Parque Nacional do Viruá, Roraima (2).jpg
| caption1 = Landscape of the [[Viruá National Park]]
| image2 = Paisagem da Serra do Tepequém.jpg
| caption2 = Rock formations in the Serra do Tepequém
| image3 = Savanas de Roraima (1).jpg
| caption3 = Savannah landscape in northeastern Roraima
}}

=== Climate ===
[[File:Roraima Köppen.svg|thumb|Köppen climate types of Roraima]]
According to the [[Köppen-Geiger climate classification]], the prevailing climate in Roraima is similar to that of other states in the North Region that shelter the [[Amazon rainforest]]: basic variations of the [[tropical climate]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Aspectos naturais de Roraima|url=https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/brasil/aspectos-naturais-roraima.htm|access-date=2021-04-24|website=Brasil Escola|language=pt-br}}</ref> The average temperature during the year varies from {{convert|20|°C|°F|abbr=on}} in points of relief with higher altitudes, to {{convert|38|°C|°F|abbr=on}} in areas of smooth or flat relief.<ref name=":5" />

The rainfall index in the eastern part is about 2000 millimetres. In the western part, it is approximately 1500 millimetres. In the capital and nearby areas, the indexes reach 2600 millimetres.<ref name=":5" />

In general, the climate varies according to the region. The south and west of the state have a [[tropical rainforest climate]] (''Af'').<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Alvares|first1=Clayton Alcarde|last2=Stape|first2=José Luiz|last3=Sentelhas|first3=Paulo Cesar|last4=de Moraes Gonçalves|first4=José Leonardo|last5=Sparovek|first5=Gerd|date=2013-12-01|title=Köppen's climate classification map for Brazil|url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/schweiz/mz/2013/00000022/00000006/art00008|journal=Meteorologische Zeitschrift|volume=22|issue=6|pages=711–728|doi=10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0507|bibcode=2013MetZe..22..711A|s2cid=55147576 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The average annual temperature ranges from {{convert|25|to|28|C|F}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.22241/2317-9430/rtg|title=Revista Tocantinense de Geografia|publisher=Universidade Federal do Tocantins|doi=10.22241/2317-9430/rtg}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> In the north and east, the prevailing climates are the [[tropical monsoon climate]] (''Am'') and [[tropical savanna climate]] (''Aw''), where the average temperature is similar to the other regions of the state, however the rainfall index is lower, and the dry season is well defined.<ref name=":7" />

Despite the latitude, in the extreme northwest and northeast, in the highest areas of the state, it is possible to find climatic patterns compatible with those of [[humid subtropical climate]]s (''Cfa'' and ''Cwa''),<ref name=":6" /> as in the region around Mount Roraima, which has an annual average temperature between {{convert|20|and|22|C|F}}, and a dry season between December and March.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kennedy|first=Dana|date=2004-08-01|title=A Trip to the Moon|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/01/travel/a-trip-to-the-moon.html|access-date=2021-04-24|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

=== Hydrography ===
[[File:Rio Branco sul.JPG|left|thumb|Branco River, near Boa Vista.]]
The state of Roraima has extensive hydrography. Its territory is abundantly irrigated by 14 rivers, being these: [[Água Boa do Univini River|Água Boa do Univiní]], [[Ailã River|Ailã]], [[Ajarani River|Ajarani]], [[Alalaú River|Alalaú]], [[Branco River|Branco]], [[Catrimani River|Catrimani]], [[Cauamé River|Cauamé]], [[Itapará River|Itapará]], [[Mucajaí River|Mucajaí]], [[Surumu River|Surumu]], [[Takutu River|Takutu]], [[Uraricoera River|Uraricoera]], [[Urubu River (Amazonas)|Urubu]] and [[Xeruini River|Xeruini]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Aspectos naturais de Roraima - Hidrografia|url=https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/brasil/aspectos-naturais-roraima.htm|access-date=2021-04-25|website=Brasil Escola|language=pt-br}}</ref>

The hydrography of Roraima is part of the [[Amazon River Basin|Amazon River basin]] and is basically based on the Branco River sub-basin of {{convert|45,530|km2|-2|abbr=in}}, the largest and most important in the state. This river is one of the tributaries of the [[Rio Negro (Amazon)|Negro River]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bacias hidrográficas|url=http://www.portalroraima.rr.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=92&itemid=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514031247/http://www.portalroraima.rr.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=92&itemid=1|archive-date=14 May 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=March 16, 2011|publisher=Portal do Governo do Estado de Roraima}}</ref>

Most of the rivers in the region have a large number of [[beach]]es in the summer, ideal for tourism and leisure. Besides, there are rapids rivers located in the north of the state, which are an option for water sports, such as [[canoeing]]. Almost all water sources in the state originate within its territory, except for two rivers with springs in [[Guyana]]. All Roraiman rivers flow into the [[Amazon basin|Amazon Basin]].<ref name=":10" />

=== Fauna and flora ===
[[File:Cavalos selvagens de Roraima.jpg|thumb|''Lavradeiros'' (feral horses) near [[Amajari]], Roraima. Northern Roraima [[feral horse]]s are among the last feral horse populations in the world.<ref name=":28">{{Cite web|title=Raça: Lavradeiro|url=https://www.equinocultura.com.br/2014/09/raca-lavradeiro.html|access-date=2021-06-25|language=pt-BR}}</ref>]]
The diversity of [[landscape]]s and [[biome]]s in Roraima contributes to the formation of the fauna in Roraima.<ref name=":29">{{Cite web|last=Cavalcanti|first=Mozarildo|date=2011-05-20|title=História de Roraima|url=http://www.senado.gov.br/senadores/senador/Mozarild/informacoes_roraima.asp|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520014059/http://www.senado.gov.br/senadores/senador/Mozarild/informacoes_roraima.asp|archive-date=20 May 2011}}</ref> In the Roraiman [[Amazon rainforest]] region, animals such as ''[[jaguar]]s, [[tapir]]s, [[peccaries]], [[alligator]]s, [[margay cat]]s, [[otter]]s, [[deer]]s, [[monkey]]s'', and other species are found.<ref name=":29" />

In the general fields of the Branco River and the savannas, there are ''[[anteater]]s, [[armadillo]]s, [[tortoise]]s, [[pampas deer]], [[paca]]s, [[agouti]],'' several species of snakes and other species.<ref name=":29" /> Among many species, the [[wild horse]]s stand out, they are called ''[[Lavradeiro|cavalos lavradeiros]]'' (in English: savannah horses or steppe horses), one of the last populations of wild horses in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pesquisa investe na conservação do cavalo lavradeiro de Roraima|url=https://www.revistahorse.com.br/imprensa/pesquisa-investe-na-conservacao-do-cavalo-lavradeiro-de-roraima/20100225-114850-g934|access-date=2021-06-25|website=Revista Horse - Tudo sobre cavalo|language=portuguese|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029174007/https://www.revistahorse.com.br/imprensa/pesquisa-investe-na-conservacao-do-cavalo-lavradeiro-de-roraima/20100225-114850-G934|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":28" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Genética do cavalo lavradeiro vai ser estudada no Brasil|url=https://www.dn.pt/ciencia/biosfera/genetica-do-cavalo-lavradeiro-vai-ser-estudada-no-brasil-1227172.html|access-date=2021-06-25|website=www.dn.pt|language=pt}}</ref> In the Branco River basin, where most fish species are found, the variety of species is large. Among the main fish are the ''[[pacu]], [[peacock bass]], [[surubi]], [[matrinxã]], [[redtail catfish]], [[tambaqui]], [[Pterophyllum|acará]], [[Pimelodus|mandi]], [[Auxis thazard|cachorra]], [[piranha]], [[traíra]], [[piraíba]], [[arowana]]'' and many other species.<ref name=":29" />

On the beaches of the lower Branco River, it is still possible to find species of [[turtle]]s, such as the ''[[yellow-spotted river turtle]]''. There are many species of birds in the state, from large to small ones. Among the large ones, the ''passarão'' (literally big bird) and the ''[[jabiru]]'' stand out. Among the small ones, ''[[Guan (bird)|guans]], [[heron]]s, [[crested caracara]]'' and others stand out.<ref name=":29" />

[[File:Parque Nacional do Viruá, Roraima (1).jpg|thumb|''Buritizeiros'' in Roraima.]]
[[File:Savanas de Roraima.jpg|thumb|Lavrado region.]]
In Roraima, the flora is divided into three regions:

* Amazon rainforest ''(Floresta tropical amazônica)'': composed of dense and humid forest typical of the lower Branco River, extending through the southwest region.<ref name=":29" />
* General fields of the Branco River ''(Campos Gerais do Rio Branco)'': approximately {{cvt|44,000|km2}}, also known as the lavrado region. Lavrado is also known as the savannah. Formed by [[Poaceae|grass-plot]], but along the watercourses, called ''igarapés'', there are large [[Arecaceae|palm trees]] known as [[Mauritia flexuosa|''buritizeiros'']]. In the lavrado there are also, in great quantity, bushes, paricaranas and muricizeiros.<ref name=":29" />
* Mountainous region ''(Região Serrana)'': with typical mountainous vegetation, thinner trees and valleys rich in [[humus]] with good-quality grass for livestock.<ref name=":29" />

In any of the regions, there are three different types of vegetation cover taking into account the river banks. These are:

* Mainland forests ''(Matas de terra firme)'': comprising forests located in lands never affected by river floods.<ref name=":29" />
* Floodplain forests ''(Matas de várzeas)'': these are the forests that cover the lands affected by the floods of rivers.<ref name=":29" />
* Riparian forests ''(Matas ciliares)'': these are preserved by law and are also flooded every year by river floods.<ref name=":29" />