Editing Rotational grazing (section)

==Problems==
A key element of this style of animal husbandry is that either each grazed area must contain all elements needed for the animals (water source, for instance) or the feed or water source must be moved each time the animals are moved. Having fixed feeding or watering stations can defeat the rotational aspect, leading to degradation of the ground around the water supply or feed supply if additional feed is provided to the animals. Special care must be taken to ensure that high use areas do not become areas where mud, [[parasite]]s or diseases are spread or communicated.<ref name=PastProfit/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/dairy/grazing-systems/grazing-systems-handbook.pdf |title=Grazing systems planning guide |access-date=2018-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809120315/http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/dairy/grazing-systems/grazing-systems-handbook.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Several problems are related to shade in pasture areas. Although shade provides relief from heat and reduces the risk of heat stress, animals tend to congregate in these areas which leads to nutrient loading, uneven grazing, and potential soil erosion.<ref name=IowaGuide2005>2005. [https://store.extension.iastate.edu/ItemDetail.aspx?ProductID=5256 Pasture management guide for Livestock Producers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820191128/https://store.extension.iastate.edu/ItemDetail.aspx?ProductID=5256 |date=2013-08-20 }}. Iowa State University (note, no electronic source available)</ref>

[[Ruminal tympany]], also known as bloat, is a common serious problem when [[ruminants]] graze on fresh, young pasture, and if left untreated can be fatal. This problem occurs when foam producing compounds in plants are digested by cows, causing foam to form in the rumen of the animal and not allowing animals to properly belch gas.<ref name=PastProfit/><ref>Sullivan, K., DeClue, R., Emmick, D. 2000. [http://grazingguide.net/documents/cow-feeding-mgt.pdf Prescribed grazing and feeding management for lactating dairy cows] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123133549/http://grazingguide.net/documents/cow-feeding-mgt.pdf |date=2015-11-23 }}  USDA-NRCS</ref> Animals are especially susceptible to bloat if they are moved to new pasture sources when they are particularly hungry and especially on young, fresh and wet legumes. It is therefore important to ensure that the herd is eating enough at the end of a rotation when forage will be more scarce, limiting the potential for animals to gorge themselves when turned out onto new paddocks. The risk of bloat can be mitigated by careful management of rotations, seeding the non-bloating European [[legume]] species ''[[Lotus corniculatus]]'' in pasturelands, reducing the amount of legumes/increasing grasses, providing sufficient supplemental feeding and extra fodder when turning out on new paddocks, reducing the size of the paddock when livestock is first turned out, and daily rations of the [[Defoamer|anti-foaming agent]] [[poloxalene]] mixed well into the fodder.<ref name=PastProfit/>