Editing SNK (section)

==={{anchor|1986–1999: SNK Corporation}}SNK Corporation (1986–1999; first incarnation)===
In April 1986, the company name was changed to the nickname "SNK", but the registered trade name had to be '''SNK Corporation'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.snk-corp.co.jp/snk-history/history/index.html#sec1|title=1978-2024 ｜ 株式会社SNK|date=2024-04-04|access-date=2024-04-04|language=ja|website=SNK}}</ref><ref name="エス • エヌ • ケイ" /><ref name="株式会社エス • エヌ • ケイ" /><ref name="株式会社SNK" /><ref name="snkhomepage" /> This is because the [[Ministry of Justice (Japan)|Ministry of Justice]] at the time did not allow the registration of business names in [[alphabets]].{{efn|Game companies that followed the same path include [[ADK (company)|ADK]] (formerly Alpha Denshi Corporation) and [[NMK (company)|NMK]] (formerly Nihon Maicon Kaihatsu), while companies in different industries include [[TDK]] (formerly Tokyo Denki Kagaku) and These include [[RKB Mainichi Broadcasting]] (former company name: RKB Mainichi Broadcasting), and [[KDDI]] (formerly known as International Telegraph and Telephone, currently known as KDDI).}} In November 1986, the American subsidiary '''SNK Corporation of America'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://snkusa.com/ |title=Original site SNK Corporation of America.|website=snkusa.com |date=2023-07-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980418182545/http://snkusa.com/ |archive-date=April 18, 1998 }}</ref> was born in Sunnyvale, California.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://snkusa.com/aboutus.html |title=About US at an archived version of the official SNK Corporation of America website|website=snkusa.com |date=2023-07-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991005104607/http://snkusa.com/aboutus.html |archive-date=October 5, 1999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neogeospirit.com/dossiers/snk/dossier_snk4.htm |title=SNK devient un acteur majeur de l'arcade |access-date=2018-03-03|website=Neo-Geo Spirit}}</ref> In March 1988, SNK staff moved to a building in [[Suita]], [[Osaka]], Japan.<ref name="snkp">{{cite web|url=http://www.neo-geo.com/news/snkp-interview/Interview_with_SNKP.pdf |title=Photos of SNK's headquarters in Esaka (Suita, Ōsaka) |access-date=2017-02-12|website=Neo-Geo.com}}</ref>

At this point, the Japanese operations of SNK Corporation had shifted their focus solely toward developing and licensing video games for arcade use and later for early [[Video game console|consoles]]. Between 1979 and 1986, SNK produced 23 stand-alone arcade games. Highlights from this period include ''Mad Crasher'' (1984), ''[[Alpha Mission]]'' (1985), and ''[[Athena (video game)|Athena]]'' (1986), a game that gained a large following when it was ported to the [[Nintendo Entertainment System]] (NES) in 1987. SNK's most successful game from this time was ''[[Ikari Warriors]]'', released in 1986. It was licensed and ported to the [[Atari 2600]], [[Atari 7800]], [[Commodore 64]], [[Amiga]], [[Amstrad CPC]], [[Apple II]], [[ZX Spectrum]], and NES. After ''Ikari Warriors'', SNK released two sequels: ''Victory Road'' and ''Ikari III: The Rescue''.<ref name=GameSpotHistory />

At the time, Japan was affected by the [[video game crash of 1983]]. The console manufacturer [[Nintendo]] remained in business throughout and after the crash. SNK became a third-party licensee for Nintendo's Famicom (alternative name for the NES) system in 1985. It opened a second branch in the US, called SNK Home Entertainment, based in [[Torrance, California]]. The branch handled the North American distribution and marketing of the company's products for home consoles. John Rowe had already left the company to form [[Tradewest]], which went on to market the ''Ikari Warriors'' series in North America. Paul Jacobs took over Rowe's position over both halves of SNK America. He is known for having helped launch the company's Neo Geo system outside of Asia.<ref name=GameSpotHistory />

In response to strong sales of the company's NES ports, SNK began to dabble in the development of original software designed specifically for the NES console. Two games came out of this effort: ''[[Baseball Stars]]'' (1989) and ''[[Crystalis]]'' (1990; known as ''God Slayer'' in Japan). In 1989, two home video game consoles were released in North America: the [[Sega Genesis]], and [[NEC]] and [[Hudson Soft]]'s [[TurboGrafx-16]]. Nintendo followed suit with a new system in 1991, the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System]] (Super NES, SNES). SNK as a whole did not become involved in the "system wars" of the early 1990s. Instead, it refocused its efforts on arcades. Other third parties, such as [[Romstar]] and [[Takara]], were left to license and port SNK's properties to the various home consoles of the time with help from SNK's American home entertainment division. With console ports mainly handled outside the company, it moved on to developing SNK-branded arcade equipment.<ref name=GameSpotHistory /> SNK also licensed [[Tiger Electronics]] to market [[handheld electronic game]]s from some of its brands.
[[File:Neo Geo logo.svg|thumb|Logo of [[Neo Geo]], which SNK released in 1990]]
In 1988, SNK created the idea of a modular cabinet for arcades. Up to that point, arcade cabinets typically contained only one game. When an arcade operator wanted to switch or replace that game, it would have to completely remove the internals of the existing cabinet or exchange the entire setup for another game. SNK's new system, called the [[Neo Geo (system)|Neo Geo MVS]] (short for Multi Video System), developed by [[Fatal Fury]] and [[The King of Fighters]] director [[Takashi Nishiyama]], featured multiple games in a single cabinet and used a cartridge-based storage mechanism. The system debuted in 1990 and could contain one, two, four, or six separate games in a single cabinet. To swap in a new game, all the operator had to do was remove one cartridge and exchange it for another. The MVS was an immediate success. It greatly shortened the setup time needed for each game, minimized floor space for cabinets, and reduced costs for new cartridges to US$500—less than half of what a traditional arcade unit cost at the time.<ref name=GameSpotHistory />

SNK wanted to bring arcade games to people's homes without making [[Central processing unit|CPU]] and [[Computer data storage|memory]] performance compromises that typical home consoles were forced to make. In 1990, the Neo Geo family was created. The company released a home version of the MVS, a single cartridge unit called the [[Neo Geo (system)|Neo Geo Advanced Entertainment System]] (Neo Geo AES). Initially, the AES was only available for rent or for use in hotel settings, but SNK quickly began selling the system through stores when customer response indicated that people were willing to spend money on home versions. Several franchises of games derived from it, including ''[[Sengoku (1991 video game)|Sengoku]]'', ''[[The King of Fighters]]'', ''[[The Last Blade]]'', ''[[Super Sidekicks]]'', ''[[Art of Fighting]]'', ''[[Metal Slug]]'', ''[[Burning Fight]]'', ''[[Savage Reign]]'', ''[[Samurai Shodown]]'', and ''[[Fatal Fury]]''. The ''King of Fighters'', ''Samurai Shodown'', and ''Metal Slug'' series were continued on later consoles. SNK also helped publish third-party Neo Geo games such as [[ADK (company)|ADK's]] ''[[World Heroes]]'' and ''[[Aggressors of Dark Kombat]]'', [[Visco Corporation|Visco]]'s ''[[Breakers (1996 video game)|Breakers]]'' and ''[[Ganryu (video game)|Ganryu]]'', [[Noise Factory]]'s ''[[Rage of the Dragons]]'' and ''[[Sengoku 3]]'', [[Sunsoft]]'s ''[[Galaxy Fight: Universal Warriors]]'' and ''[[Waku Waku 7]]'', [[Sammy Corporation|Sammy]]'s ''[[Viewpoint (video game)|Viewpoint]]'', [[NMK (company)|NMK]]'s ''[[Zed Blade]]'', [[Psikyo]]'s ''[[Strikers 1945 Plus]]'', [[Compile (company)|Aiky]]/[[Taito]]'s ''[[Pochi and Nyaa]]'', [[Paon DP|Paon]]/Eleven/Gavaking's ''[[Nightmare in the Dark]]'', Face's ''[[Money Puzzle Exchanger]]'', [[Data East]]'s ''[[Spinmaster]]'' and ''[[Street Slam]]'', and [[Technōs Japan]]'s [[Double Dragon (Neo Geo)|''Double Dragon'']] and ''[[Voltage Fighter Gowcaizer]]''. During this time, SNK also released stand-alone arcade games, some of which were ported to home consoles, including ''[[Vanguard (video game)|Vanguard]]'', ''[[Alpha Mission]]'', ''[[Athena (video game)|Athena]]'', ''[[Ikari Warriors]]'', ''[[Psycho Soldier]]'', ''[[Touch Down Fever]]'', ''[[Time Soldiers]]'', ''[[P.O.W.: Prisoners of War]]'', ''[[Beast Busters]]'', and ''[[Street Smart (video game)|Street Smart]]''.<ref name=GameSpotHistory />

Compared to other consoles at the time, the Neo Geo AES had much better graphics and sound;<ref name=GameSpotHistory /> It debuted at $599 ({{inflation|US|599|1991|fmt=eq}}), sold with two joystick controllers and a game (either ''[[Baseball Stars Professional]]'' or ''[[NAM-1975]]''). Within a few months of the system's introduction in North America, SNK increased the cost to $649 and changed the pack-in game to ''[[Magician Lord]]''. Alternatively, the console could be bought for $399 with one control stick and without an accompanying game. Other games cost at least $200 each. Joystick controllers contained the same four-button layout as the arcade MVS cabinet. The quality of AES games varied. Some, such as the ''[[Super Sidekicks]]'' series, were all-new creations, while others were updated versions of earlier successes, such as ''Baseball Stars Professional''. SNK games were graphically bold and bright. Games such as ''[[Top Hunter: Roddy & Cathy]]'' and the famous ''Metal Slug'' series were distinctive and instantly recognizable, contributing to the system's success in arcades.

SNK also produced the [[Neo Geo CD]] home console, the [[Hyper Neo-Geo 64]] arcade system, and two [[handheld game console]]s, the [[Neo Geo Pocket]] and [[Neo Geo Pocket Color|Pocket Color]]. Several more famous franchise titles, originally created for the MVS and AES systems, have been ported to other consoles such as the [[Sega Genesis|Genesis]], [[Sega Saturn|Saturn]] and [[Dreamcast]]; SNES; [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] and [[PlayStation 2]]; [[Xbox (console)|Xbox]]; and [[Wii]].

The Neo Geo Pocket was SNK's original handheld system. It was released in Japan in late 1998 and featured a [[monochrome]] (one-color) display. Because its sales were fewer than the expected number, it was discontinued in 1999 in favor of the Neo Geo Pocket Color, which was later released in North America and Europe.

In 1999, SNK opened the Neo Geo World Tokyo Bayside [[amusement park]] as part of the [[Palette Town]] entertainment complex in [[Odaiba]], Tokyo equipped with attractions such as Ferris wheels and roller coasters. A large-scale [[tie-in]] was established with the [[Fujisankei Communications Group]], owners of the nearby television station [[Fuji TV]], and was frequently promoted in various media.

However, by the late 1990s, the 2D fighting game boom, which had been behind much of SNK's recent success, had come to an end, and both the Neo Geo CD and Hyper Neo Geo 64 failed to meet sales expectations. At the same time, the Neo Geo Pocket, while initially selling well, began to fall behind in the market after the release of the [[Game Boy Color]], and Neo Geo World Tokyo Bayside quickly lost attendance after the re-opening of [[Yokohama Cosmo World]] a few months later, with the park considered to be a massive failure. In addition, the arcade game magazine ''[[Gamest]]'', one of the biggest promoters of SNK titles, ceased publication after its publisher [[Shinseisha]] declared bankruptcy in 1999.