Editing Secularization (section)

==Definitions==
Jack David Eller (2010) outlined Peter Glasner's 10 different institutional, normative, or cognitive versions of secularization, most of which do not lead to irreligion or atheism:<ref name="Eller" />
# Routinization — institutionalizing religion through integration into the society
# Differentiation — a redefined place or relation to society such as in pluralization 
# Disengagement — the detachment of certain facets of social life from religion 
# Transformation — change over time (e.g. Protestantism developed in Christianity)
# Generalization — where religion becomes less specific, more abstract, and inclusive
# Segmentation — the development of specialized religious institutions coexisting with other social institutions
# Desacralization — distancing the references of the "supernatural" from the material world
# Decline — the reduction in quantitative measures of religious identification and participation
# Secularization — pluralism through which society moves away from the "sacred" and toward the "profane" 
# Secularism — the only form that leads to outright rejection of religion, amounting to atheism

C. John Sommerville (1998) outlined six uses of the term secularization in the scientific literature. The first five are more along the lines of 'definitions' while the sixth is more of a 'clarification of use':<ref>Somerville, C. J. "Secular Society Religious Population: Our Tacit Rules for Using the Term Secularization''. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 37 (2):249-53. (1998)</ref>
# When discussing '''macro social structures''', secularization can refer to ''differentiation'': a process in which the various aspects of society, economic, political, legal, and moral, become increasingly specialized and distinct from one another.
# When discussing '''individual institutions''', secularization can denote the transformation of a religion into a secular institution. Examples would be the evolution of institutions such as [[Harvard University]] from a predominantly religious institution into a secular institution (with a divinity school now housing the religious element illustrating differentiation).
# When discussing '''activities''', secularization refers to the transfer of activities from religious to secular institutions, such as a shift in the provision of social services from churches to the government.
# When discussing '''mentalities''', secularization refers to the transition from ''ultimate'' concerns to ''proximate'' concerns, e.g., individuals in the West are now more likely to moderate their behavior in response to more immediately applicable consequences rather than out of concern for ''post-mortem'' consequences. This is a personal religious decline or movement toward a secular lifestyle.
# When discussing '''populations''', secularization refers to broad patterns of societal decline in levels of religiosity as opposed to the individual-level secularization of (4) above. This understanding of secularization is also distinct from (1) above in that it refers specifically to religious decline rather than societal differentiation.
# When discussing '''religion''', secularization can only be used unambiguously to refer to religion in a generic sense. For example, a reference to Christianity is not clear unless one specifies exactly which denominations of Christianity are being discussed.

[[Abdel Wahab El-Messiri|Abdel Wahab Elmessiri]] (2002) outlined two meanings of the term secularization:
# '''Partial Secularization''': which is the common meaning of the word, and expresses "The separation between religion and state".
# '''Complete Secularization''': this definition is not limited to the partial definition, but exceeds it to "The separation between all (religion, moral, and human) values, and (not just the state) but also to (the human nature in its public and private sides), so that the holiness is removed from the world, and this world is transformed into a usable matter that can be employed for the sake of the strong".