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== Human mate poaching<!--'Human mate poaching' redirects here--> == Seduction is related to '''human mate poaching'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA-->.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|author=Schmitt, D. P.|author2=Buss, D. M.|name-list-style=amp|year=2001|title=Human Mate Poaching: Tactics and temptations for infiltrating existing mateships|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=80 |issue=6|pages=894β917|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.80.6.894|pmid=11414373}}</ref> Human mate poaching refers to when either a male or female purposefully entices another individual who is already in an established relationship into sexual relations with them. This is akin to the definition of seduction in the introduction. This is a [[psychological mechanism]] which had unconscious and conscious manifestations, that in relation to evolutionary psychology has been [[Adaptive behavior|adaptive]] to our ancestors in the past and has continued to be functional in modern society.<ref name=":9" /> Human mate poaching is a form of seduction, and can be used as a short-term and long-term [[Human mating strategies|mating strategy]] among both sexes. Moreover, there are associated costs and benefits to poaching. Schmitt and Buss (2001)<ref name=":9" /> investigated the potential costs and benefits across sexes in relation to human mate poaching. Costs for engaging in poaching behaviours include unwanted pregnancy, transmitted infection and diseases, and insecurity about provisions (shelter, food, and financial security) and/or resource depletion, violence and aggression from the current partner, who takes part in [[Mate guarding in humans|human mate guarding]] behaviours (behaviours used to protect their mate from other potential males or females). However, the associated benefits include emotional support that may not be received from a current partner, and access to 'good [[genes]]', such as [[facial symmetry]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Scheib, J. E.|author2=Gangestad, S. W.|author3=Thornhill, R.|name-list-style=amp|year=1999|title=Facial attractiveness, symmetry and cues of good genes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B|journal=Biological Sciences|volume=266 |issue=1431|pages=1913β1917|doi=10.1098/rspb.1999.0866|pmid=10535106|pmc=1690211}}</ref> The associated benefits also include increased sexual variety, access to [[Physical attractiveness|physically attractive]] mates, and non-committal copulations. Evolutionarily speaking, we are descended from our reproductively-successful ancestors who managed to solve the adaptive problem of finding a mate with the required characteristics needed at that time in their lives, e.g., plenty of resources, physical attractiveness, and showing signs of honest fertility. Therefore, our ancestors would have deployed this tactic (for enticing a suitable mate), which remains in our psychology. Some evolved poaching behaviours may not be suitable for current environmental problems. Leftover by-products from human evolution, such as preferences for fat and sugar,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Eaton, S. B.|author2=Strassman, B. I.|author3=Nesse, R. M.|author4=Neel, J. V.|author5=Ewald, P. W.|author6=Williams, G. C., ...|author7=Mysterud, I.|name-list-style=amp|year=2002|title=Evolutionary health promotion|journal=Preventive Medicine|volume=34 |issue=2|pages=109β118|doi=10.1006/pmed.2001.0876|pmid=11817903|s2cid=18948871}}</ref> are not adaptive in western cultures at present, and thus similar poaching behaviours could still remain. === Short term === ==== In males ==== Short-term strategies involved in seduction are associated with the [[dark triad]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Paulhus, D. L.|author2=Williams, K. M.|name-list-style=amp|year=2002|title=The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism and Psychopathy|journal=Journal of Research in Personality|volume=36 |issue=6|pages=556β563|doi=10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00505-6|s2cid=6535576 }}</ref> however predominantly in males. Short-term strategies are those used by an individual to obtain a mate for a short term sexual encounter.<ref name=":10" /> [[File:The Dark Triad Image.png|thumb|The Dark Triad, proposed by Paulhus and Williams (2002)]] The [[dark triad]] is made up of three personality traits, [[psychopathy]], [[narcissism]] and [[Machiavellianism (psychology)|Machiavellianism]] and was proposed by [[Delroy L. Paulhus|Paulhus]] and Williams (2002).<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|author=Jonason, P. K.|author2=Li, N. P.|author3=Webster, G. D.|author4=Schmitt, D. P.|name-list-style=amp|year=2009|title=The dark triad: Facilitating a short-term mating strategy in men|journal=European Journal of Personality|volume=23 |issue=1|pages=5β18|doi=10.1002/per.698|citeseerx=10.1.1.650.5749|s2cid=12854051}}</ref> The three traits are exploitative in nature and are used for [[Sexual coercion|sexually coercive behaviours]], useful in the seduction process. Typically these three traits are deemed maladaptive for the individual and society. Nevertheless, these traits have been found to be adaptive in an exploitative strategy in short term mating.<ref name=":11" /> Dark triad traits are adaptive for an unrestricted [[Sociosexual orientation|sociosexuality]] and [[Promiscuity|promiscuous]] behaviours.<ref name=":10" /> The three traits are associated with [[impulsivity]], manipulative behaviours and lack of [[empathy]]. These personality traits would be useful in seducing a partner for a short term encounter.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|author=Jonason, P. K.|author2=Valentine, K. A.|author3=Li, N. P.|author4=Harbeson, C. L.|name-list-style=amp|year=2011|title=Mate-selection and the Dark Triad: Facilitating a short-term mating strategy and creating a volatile environment|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|volume=51 |issue=6|pages=759β763|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2011.06.025|citeseerx=10.1.1.648.3614|s2cid=12310143 }}</ref> From an evolutionary perspective, these would have been particularly beneficial to our ancestral males who wanted to increase their [[reproductive success]], through seducing many women and therefore increasing their chance of passing on their genes. These particular traits may be used as a tactic for increasing success in mating. The dark triad traits are seen more in males where the parental investment is lower. Having numerous copulations with many women increases the likelihood their genes will be passed on. Comparatively, a woman has to invest time and a lot of energy in carrying an infant and looking after him/her for many years subsequently. ==== In females ==== The triad of traits ancestrally would not have been adaptive for women, because females were and still are less likely or less willing to engage in [[casual sex]],<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Herold, E.|author2=Mewhinney, D.|name-list-style=amp|year=1993|title=Gender Differences in Casual Sex and AIDS Prevention: A Survey of Dating Bars.|journal=The Journal of Sex Research|volume=30 |issue=1|pages=36β42|doi=10.1080/00224499309551676}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Conley |first1=Terri D. |date=2021 |title=Perceived proposer personality characteristics and gender differences in acceptance of casual sex offers |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=309β329 |doi=10.1037/a0022152|pmid=21171789 }}</ref> because of the lack of certainty of resources to provide for her and her offspring. Additionally, there are other potential considerations of the implication of short-term strategies. Males cannot employ such strategies without there being willing females to engage in sexual intercourse within a short-term relationship with them. Therefore, benefits from engaging in multiple short-term mating must also exist for females. These matings enable females to practice and enhance their skills, specifically within attraction and seduction.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Greiling, H.|author2=Buss, D. M.|name-list-style=amp|year=2000|title=Women's sexual strategies: The hidden dimension of extra-pair mating.|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|volume=28 |issue=5|pages=929β963|doi=10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00151-8}}</ref> This often occurs during [[extra-pair mating]] when females have sexual intercourse with males other than their husband.<ref name=":0" /> There are potential benefits for females to engage in these matings, including the ability to acquire more resources. For example, females are better able to access meats, goods or services in exchange for sexual intercourse or if she were to give birth to a child whose father has better genes than her husband.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|title=The evolution of human sexuality|author=Symons, D.|publisher=New York: Oxford University Press.|year=1979}}</ref> Females use these short-term matings to hone their mating and seduction skills and increase their protection. This is because males often provide increased protection against other males exploitation or from non-humans for the females they mate with and their offspring.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Human sperm competition. In R. L. Smith, Sperm competition and the evolution of mating systems|author=Smith, R. L.|publisher=New York: Academic Press|year=1984|pages=601β659}}</ref> However, this willingness to make the first move towards seduction and engage in a sexual relationship may be subtle.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Grammer, K.|year=1989|title=Human courtship behavior: Biological basis and cognitive processing.|journal=The Sociobiology of Sexual and Reproductive Strategies|pages=147β169}}</ref> For example, females may simply stand close to their target.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Perper, T.|author2=Fox, V. S.|name-list-style=amp|year=1980|title=Flirtation and pickup pattern in bars.|journal=In Eastern Conference on Reproductive Behavior, New York.}}</ref> Improving attraction and seduction skills can also help a female with acquiring a better or more desirable male according to the 'Mate Switching Hypothesis'.<ref name=":0" /> This is because, females are able to assess their potential mate before committing to a long-term relationship.<ref name=":12" /> Alternatively, according to this hypothesis females are also able to get rid of an unwanted husband through mate expulsion using short-term strategies, such as by seducing another man into a short-term sexual relationship.<ref name=":13" /> Females may also be more equipped at deterring male partners from future [[infidelity]], demonstrated by the 'Mate Manipulation Hypothesis'.<ref name=":0" /> This hypothesis suggests that females are able to use revenge to deter future [[infidelity]]. This can be achieved by a female partaking in a short-term affair, incorporating the use of seduction, with another male as a revenge tactic for her husband's previous affair, which aims to increase commitment of her intended long-term mate.<ref name=":13" /><ref>Greiling, H. (1993). Women's short-term sexual strategies. In ''Conference on Evolution and the Social Sciences, London School of Economics, London, England''.</ref> These hypotheses indicate the benefits for females of developing and expanding on their seduction skills within sexual relationships. === Long term === 'Strategies are defined as evolved solutions to adaptive problems'.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Buss, D. M.|author2=Schmitt, D. P.|name-list-style=amp|year=1993|title=Sexual strategies theory: an evolutionary perspective on human mating|journal=Psychological Review|volume=100 |issue=2|pages=204β232|doi=10.1037/0033-295x.100.2.204|pmid=8483982}}</ref> Men and women differ in the adaptive problems that they face, and therefore deploy different strategies. Women strongly desire the resources and commitment that comes with paternal parental investment and therefore impose a longer period of time for courtship and use of seduction prior to engaging in a long-term sexual relationship. Women also spend time seeking and seducing men that are willing to invest and commit in the long run.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The evolution of desire: Strategies of human mating|edition=Rev.|author=Buss, D. M.|publisher=New York: Basic Books|year=2003}}</ref> It is likely that exploitative strategies will not be used when seducing a long-term partner.<ref name=":10" /> The traits associated within the dark triad (Machiavellianism, psychopathy and narcissism) are not useful for long term mating strategies because they are negatively correlated with [[agreeableness]], empathy and reciprocation, which are traits promoting a healthy relationship.<ref name=":11" />
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