Editing Seiche (section)

===Lake seiches===
Low rhythmic seiches are almost always present on larger lakes. They are usually unnoticeable among the common wave patterns, except during periods of unusual calm. [[Harbour]]s, bays, and [[estuaries]] are often prone to small seiches with amplitudes of a few centimetres and periods of a few minutes.

The original studies in [[Lake Geneva]] by [[François-Alphonse Forel]] found the longitudinal period to have a 73-minute cycle, and the transversal seiche to have a period of around 10 minutes.<ref>{{Citation|last=Lemmin|first=Ulrich|title=Surface Seiches |date=2012|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Lakes and Reservoirs|pages=751–753|editor-last=Bengtsson|editor-first=Lars|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-4410-6_226|isbn=978-1-4020-4410-6|editor2-last=Herschy|editor2-first=Reginald W.|editor3-last=Fairbridge|editor3-first=Rhodes W.|series=Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series}}</ref> Another lake well known for its regular seiches is New Zealand's [[Lake Wakatipu]], which varies its surface height at [[Queenstown, New Zealand|Queenstown]] by 20 centimetres in a 27-minute cycle. Seiches can also form in semi-enclosed seas; the [[North Sea]] often experiences a lengthwise seiche with a period of about 36 hours.
[[Image:Lake Erie water level.gif|thumb|right|450px|Differences in water level caused by a seiche on [[Lake Erie]], recorded between [[Buffalo, New York]] (''red'') and [[Toledo, Ohio]] (''blue'') on November 14, 2003]]

The [[National Weather Service]] issues low water advisories for portions of the Great Lakes when seiches of {{convert|2|ft|m|order=flip|sigfig=1}} or greater are likely to occur.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pierce|first1=T.|title=Marine and Coastal Services Abbreviations and Definitions|url=http://www.weather.gov/directives/sym/pd01003001curr.pdf|publisher=[[National Weather Service]], Office of Climate, Water, and Weather Services|access-date=April 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517023653/http://www.weather.gov/directives/sym/pd01003001curr.pdf|archive-date=May 17, 2008|date=July 5, 2006}}</ref> [[Lake Erie]] is particularly prone to wind-caused seiches because of its shallowness and its elongation on a northeast–southwest axis, which frequently matches the direction of prevailing winds and therefore maximises the [[Fetch (geography)|fetch]] of those winds. These can lead to extreme seiches of up to {{convert|5|m|ft}} between the ends of the lake.

The effect is similar to a [[storm surge]] like that caused by hurricanes along ocean coasts, but the seiche effect can cause oscillation back and forth across the lake for some time. In 1954, the remnants of [[Hurricane Hazel]] piled up water along the northwestern [[Lake Ontario]] shoreline near [[Toronto]], causing extensive flooding, and established a seiche that subsequently caused flooding along the south shore.

Lake seiches can occur very quickly: on July 13, 1995, a large seiche on [[Lake Superior]] caused the water level to fall and then rise again by one metre (three feet) within fifteen minutes, leaving some boats hanging from the docks on their mooring lines when the water retreated.<ref name="2000-02--umn">{{cite web |first=Ben |last=Korgen |url=http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/newsletter/2000/02/bonanza_for_lake_superior_seiches_do_more_than_move_water.html |title=Bonanza for Lake Superior: Seiches Do More Than Move Water
|publisher=[[University of Minnesota Duluth]] |website=seagrant.umn.edu |date=February 2000
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227044356/http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/newsletter/2000/02/bonanza_for_lake_superior_seiches_do_more_than_move_water.html |archive-date=2007-12-27 |url-status=dead}}
</ref> The same storm system that caused the 1995 seiche on Lake Superior produced a similar effect in [[Lake Huron]], in which the water level at [[Port Huron]] changed by {{convert|6|ft|m|1|order=flip}} over two hours.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/seagrant/glwlphotos/Seiche/13July1995/13July1995Storm.html|title=Lake Huron Storm Surge July 13, 1995|publisher=NOAA|access-date=2009-03-13|archive-date=2008-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916230039/http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/seagrant/glwlphotos/Seiche/13July1995/13July1995Storm.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On June 26, 1954, on [[Lake Michigan]] in Chicago, eight fishermen were swept away from piers at Montrose and North Avenue Beaches and drowned when a {{convert|10|ft|m|adj=on|order=flip|0}} seiche hit the [[Chicago]] waterfront.<ref>{{cite news |title=Huge Lake Wave Hits Chicago; Four Drowned, Ten Are Missing |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1954/06/27/archives/huge-lake-wave-hits-chicago-four-drowned-ten-a-re-missing-huge-lake.html |work=The New York Times |issue=35218 |volume=103 |date=27 June 1954 |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002053715/https://www.nytimes.com/1954/06/27/archives/huge-lake-wave-hits-chicago-four-drowned-ten-a-re-missing-huge-lake.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Lakes in seismically active areas, such as [[Lake Tahoe]] in [[California]]/[[Nevada]], are significantly at risk from seiches. Geological evidence indicates that the shores of Lake Tahoe may have been hit by seiches and tsunamis as much as {{convert|10|m|ft}} high in prehistoric times, and local researchers have called for the risk to be factored into emergency plans for the region.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Kathryn |title=Tsunami! At Lake Tahoe? |journal=Science News |date=10 June 2000 |volume=157 |issue=24 |pages=378–380 |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4012358|doi=10.2307/4012358|jstor=4012358 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

[[Earthquake]]-generated seiches can be observed thousands of miles away from the epicentre of a quake. [[Swimming pools]] are especially prone to seiches caused by earthquakes, as the ground tremors often match the resonant frequencies of small bodies of water. The 1994 [[Northridge earthquake]] in [[California]] caused swimming pools to overflow across southern California.  The massive [[Good Friday earthquake]] that hit [[Alaska]] in 1964 caused seiches in swimming pools as far away as [[Puerto Rico]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/ASK/seiche.html|title=Seiche|website=soest.hawaii.edu|access-date=2019-03-12|archive-date=2019-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126040622/http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/ASK/seiche.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|earthquake that hit Lisbon, Portugal]] in 1755 also caused seiches {{convert|1300|mi|km|order=flip}} farther north in Loch Lomond, Loch Long, Loch Katrine and Loch Ness in [[Scotland]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Seismic Seiches|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/seiche.php|department=USGS Earthquake Hazards Program|publisher=Abridged from Earthquake Information Bulletin, January–February 1976, Volume 8, Number 1.|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-date=20 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420045540/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/seiche.php|url-status=live}}</ref> and in [[canal]]s in [[Sweden]]. The [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] caused seiches in standing water bodies in many Indian states as well as in [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], and northern [[Thailand]].<ref>In fact, "one person drowned in a pond as a result of a seiche in Nadia, West Bengal". {{cite web|title=26 December 2004, M9.1 "Boxing Day" Earthquake & Tsunami/Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake/Indian Ocean Tsunami|url=http://asc-india.org/lib/20041226-sumatra.htm|publisher=Amateur Seismic Centre|access-date=19 April 2017|location=Pune|date=22 Feb 2008|archive-date=21 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121074902/http://asc-india.org/lib/20041226-sumatra.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Seiches were again observed in [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[West Bengal]] in [[India]] as well as in many locations in [[Bangladesh]] during the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asc-india.org/lib/20051008-kashkoh.htm|title=M7.6 Kashmir-Kohistan Earthquake, 2005|publisher=Amateur Seismic Centre|location=Pune|date=31 Oct 2008|access-date=19 April 2017|archive-date=6 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606080846/http://asc-india.org/lib/20051008-kashkoh.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake]] is known to have generated seiches as far away as [[Norway]] and southern [[England]]. Other earthquakes in or near the Indian sub-continent known to have generated seiches include the [[1803 Garhwal earthquake|1803 Kumaon-Barahat]], [[1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake|1819 Allah Bund]], 1842 Central Bengal, [[1905 Kangra earthquake|1905 Kangra]], [[1930 Dhubri earthquake|1930 Dhubri]], [[1934 Nepal–India earthquake|1934 Nepal-Bihar]], [[2001 Bhuj earthquake|2001 Bhuj]], [[2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake|2005 Nias]] and the 2005 Teresa Island earthquakes. The [[2010 Chile earthquake|February 27, 2010 Chile earthquake]] produced a seiche on [[Lake Pontchartrain]], [[Louisiana]], with a height of around {{convert|0.5|ft|mm|order=flip}}. The [[2010 Baja California earthquake]] produced large seiches that quickly became an internet phenomenon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arizonageology.blogspot.com/2010/04/video-of-mini-tsunami-in-devils-hole.html|title=Arizona Geology: Video of seiche in Devils Hole pupfish pond. (Posted: April 27, 2010)|access-date=17 October 2014|date=2010-04-27|archive-date=2014-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219025100/http://arizonageology.blogspot.com/2010/04/video-of-mini-tsunami-in-devils-hole.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Seiches up to at least 1.8 m (6&nbsp;feet) were observed in [[Sognefjorden]], [[Norway]], during the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake]] in Japan.<ref>[http://www.sognavis.no/lokale_nyhende/article5528066.ece Fjorden svinga av skjelvet] (''tr. "The fjord swayed from the earthquake"'') {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318023743/http://www.sognavis.no/lokale_nyhende/article5528066.ece |date=2011-03-18 }} Retrieved on 2011-03-17.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2013/06/japanese-earthquake-literally-made-waves-in-norway/|title=Japanese earthquake literally made waves in Norway|first=Scott K.|last=Johnson|date=30 June 2013|website=Ars Technica|access-date=18 April 2019|archive-date=30 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730162534/https://arstechnica.com/science/2013/06/japanese-earthquake-literally-made-waves-in-norway/|url-status=live}}</ref>