Editing Semarang (section)

=== Modern city (1870–1922) ===
[[File:Coat of arms of Semarang (1827).svg|thumb|left|200px|Coat of Arms of Semarang during Dutch colonial era, granted in 1827.]]
The [[Dutch East Indies]]' mail and railway projects improved communication and transportation, bringing an economic boom to the city in the 1870s. Hospitals, churches, hotels, and mansions were built along the new main roads of Mataram Street, Bojongscheweg, and Pontjolscheweg.<ref name="Pratiwo. 2005" /> The Javanese quarters of town known as [[kampong]]s grew increasingly densely populated, reaching as many as 1000 inhabitants per [[hectare]] and degrading living conditions.<ref name="Cobban, J. L. 1993">{{citation |last=Cobban |first=J.L. |date=1993 |title=Public Housing in Colonial Indonesia, 1900–1940 |work=Modern Asian Studies |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=871–896}}.</ref> Mortality remained high into the early 20th century, with newcomers, overcrowding, and poor hygiene triggering [[cholera]] and [[tuberculous]] outbreaks.<ref>{{citation |last=Silver |first=C. |date=2008 |title=Planning the Megacity: Jakarta in the Twentieth Century |publisher=Psychology Press}}.</ref> [[Dysentery]], [[typhoid]], and [[malaria]] were also rife.<ref name="schnee">{{citation |last=Snijders |first=Emilius Paulus |title=Hoofdartikelen: Dr. W. Th. de Vogel 90 Jaar Terugblik op een Rijk Leven |work=Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde |url=https://www.ntvg.nl/system/files/publications/1953107140001a.pdf |date=10 March 1953 |volume=97 |issue=12 |pages=714–717 |location= |publisher= |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506161406/https://www.ntvg.nl/system/files/publications/1953107140001a.pdf |url-status=live }}. (Dutch)</ref> The city doctor [[Willem T. de Vogel]] advocated strenuously for reducing overcrowding and improving living conditions by extending Semarang into the less malarial hill country to its south;<ref name="schneye">{{citation |last=Van Roosmalen |first=Pauline Katherina Maria |contribution-url=https://www.academia.edu/34471083/Modern_lndisch_town_planning |contribution=Modern Indisch Town Planning |date=2017 |pages=265–303 |editor-last=Coté |editor-first=Joost |editor2-last=O'Neill |editor2-first=Hugh |editor3-last=Van Roosmalen |editor3-first=Pauline Katherina Maria |editor4-last=Jessup |editor4-first=Helen Ibbitson |display-editors=0 |title=The Life and Work of Thomas Karsten |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Architectura & Natura Press |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506232927/https://www.academia.edu/34471083/Modern_lndisch_town_planning |url-status=live }}.</ref> his fellow councilman [[Hendrik Freerk Tillema|Hendrik Tillema]] had campaigned on a platform of combatting malaria and joined De Vogel's scheme, broadening it into a "village improvement" ({{langx|nl|kampongverbetering}}) movement.<ref name="Cobban, J. L. 1993" /> Purchasing land in the heights with their own money, the two men and some friends passed it on to the city with an initial zoning plan by [[Karel Petrus Cornelis de Bazel|KPC de Bazel]] in 1907 but could never convince a majority of the council to support its development.<ref name="schnee"/><ref name="schneye"/> Changing tack, Tillema then worked to improve the existing kampongs in the city's malarial districts by improving drainage and providing more sanitary public toilets and public housing.<ref name="Cobban, J. L. 1993" />

A decade later, the town approved [[Thomas Karsten]]'s revised plan for the area, using it to build larger villas for the Dutch and wealthy Chinese and Javanese rather than allowing its use by the poor.<ref name="schnee"/><ref name="schneye"/><ref name="schnappi">{{citation |last=Winckel |first=Charles Willem Frederik |title=Personalia: In Memoriam Dr. W. Th. de Vogel |url=https://www.ntvg.nl/system/files/publications/1955108990001a.pdf |work=Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde |date=19 March 1955 |volume=99 |issue=12 |pages=899–900 |location= |publisher= |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506161408/https://www.ntvg.nl/system/files/publications/1955108990001a.pdf |url-status=live }}. (Dutch)</ref> This area became known as Candi Baru ({{langx|nl|Nieuw Tjandi}}) and forms the core of the present-day Candisari District. Although it remained highly stratified by class,<ref name="Pratiwo. 2005" /> Candi Baru had less ethnic segregation than the older area of town and incorporated public squares, athletic facilities, and places for public bathing and washing that could be used communally.<ref name="Cote, J. 2004">Cote, J. (2004). Colonial designs: Thomas Karsten and the planning of urban Indonesia. Imprint, 2004, 01-01.</ref> With most work remaining in the lower city and transportation slow or expensive, few of the lower classes were interested in moving to the district<ref name="schneye"/> but it set a pattern that was followed with three more successful housing plans between 1916 and 1919. The population grew by 55%, adding 45,000 Javanese, 8500 Chinese, and 7000 Europeans. Karsten's approach to town planning emphasized its aesthetic, practical, and social requirements articulated in economic terms rather than purely racial ones.<ref name="Cote, J. 2004" />

Driven by economic growth and spatial city planning, the city had doubled in size and expanded to the south by the 1920s, creating a nucleus of a metropolis where multi-ethnic groups lived and traded in the city. The villages in the suburbs such as Jomblang and Jatingaleh steadily became the satellite towns of Semarang, more populated with a bigger market area. Before the invasion of Japan in 1942, Semarang had already become the capital of [[Central Java]] province, as the result of trade and industrial success and spatial planning.<ref name="Pratiwo. 2005" />

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File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Het hoofdkantoor van de Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij (NIS) in Semarang TMnr 10032316.jpg|[[Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij|NIS]] company head office (Gedung [[Lawang Sewu]]), Semarang, [[Dutch East Indies]].
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Chinees huis in Semarang TMnr 60022048.jpg|A Chinese house in Semarang at the turn of the 20th century.
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Luchtfoto van Semarang rechtsboven N.I.S. station TMnr 10014760.jpg|Aerial picture of Old Semarang area in the 1920s.
File:Locomotive and Teak Table in front of Lawang Sewu building, Semarang.jpg|Old [[0-6-0]] locomotive next to the [[Lawang Sewu]] building.
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