Editing Separate but equal (section)

===Laws===
In the late 1800s, many states of the former Confederacy adopted laws, collectively known as [[Jim Crow laws]], that mandated separation of whites and African Americans. The [[Florida Constitution of 1885]] and [[Constitution of West Virginia|that of West Virginia]] mandated separate educational systems. In Texas, laws required separate water fountains, restrooms, and waiting rooms in railroad stations.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Handbook of Texas Online
|first1=Arnoldo
|last1=De León
|first2=Robert A.
|last2=Calvert
|contribution=Segregation
|access-date=February 25, 2019
|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/pks01
|year=2010
|publisher=[[Texas State Historical Association]]}}</ref> In Georgia, restaurants and taverns could not serve white and "colored" patrons in the same room; separate parks for each race were required, as were separate cemeteries.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Jim Crow Laws. Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, & Kentucky
|first=Jessica
|last=McElrath
|publisher=[[about.com]]
|url=http://afroamhistory.about.com/cs/jimcrowlaws/a/jimcrowlaws.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212050132/http://afroamhistory.about.com/cs/jimcrowlaws/a/jimcrowlaws.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2006-02-12
|date=2006}}</ref> These are just examples from a large number of similar laws.

Prior to the Second Morrill Act, 17 states excluded blacks from access to the [[land-grant colleges]] without providing similar educational opportunities. In response to the Second Morrill Act, 17 states established separate [[land-grant colleges]] for blacks which are now referred to as public [[historically black colleges and universities]] (HBCUs). In fact, some states adopted laws prohibiting schools from educating blacks and whites together, even if a school was willing to do so. The constitutionality of such laws was upheld in ''[[Berea College v. Kentucky]] (1908)'' 211 U.S. 45.{{cn|date=January 2022}}