Editing Separation of church and state (section)

===Medieval Europe===
{{Main|Church and state in medieval Europe}}
For centuries, monarchs ruled by the idea of [[divine right of kings|divine right]]. Sometimes this began to be used by a monarch to support the notion that the king ruled both his own kingdom and Church within its boundaries, a theory known as [[caesaropapism]]. On the other side was the Catholic doctrine that the [[Pope]], as the Vicar of Christ on earth, should have the ultimate authority over the Church, and indirectly over the state, with the forged [[Donation of Constantine]] used to justify and assert the [[Investiture Controversy|political authority of the papacy]].<ref name="EMA">Vauchez, Andre (2001). [[iarchive:encyclopediaofmi0001unse z7y7/page/444/mode/2up|''Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages'']]. Routledge.  p. 445. {{ISBN|978-1579582821}}.</ref> This divine authority was explicitly contested by Kings, in the like of the, 1164, [[Constitutions of Clarendon]], which asserted the supremacy of Royal courts over Clerical, and with Clergy subject to prosecution, as any other subject of the English Crown; or the 1215 [[Magna Carta]] that asserted the supremacy of Parliament and juries over the English Crown; both were condemned by the Vatican.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shameful and Demeaning: The Annulment of Magna Carta|url=https://blogs.bl.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2015/08/shameful-and-demeaning-the-annulment-of-magna-carta.html|access-date=2021-10-14|website=blogs.bl.uk|language=en|archive-date=2021-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024171731/https://blogs.bl.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2015/08/shameful-and-demeaning-the-annulment-of-magna-carta.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Moreover, throughout the Middle Ages, the [[Pope]] claimed the right to depose the Catholic kings of Western Europe and tried to exercise it, sometimes successfully, e.g. 1066, [[Harold Godwinson]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=1066: Pope Alexander II|url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/teaching-resources/story-of-1066/collectible-2/|access-date=2021-10-14|website=English Heritage|archive-date=2021-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009212721/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/teaching-resources/story-of-1066/collectible-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> sometimes not, e.g., in 1305 with [[Robert the Bruce]] of Scotland,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hill|first=Rosalind M. T.|date=1972|title=Belief and practice as illustrated by John XXII's excommunication of Robert Bruce|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-church-history/article/abs/belief-and-practice-as-illustrated-by-john-xxiis-excommunication-of-robert-bruce/6EDFF5DBD6F9C3E70CAAD7E88A5DD842|journal=Studies in Church History|language=en|volume=8|pages=135–138|doi=10.1017/S0424208400005477|s2cid=170796943 |issn=0424-2084|access-date=2021-10-14|archive-date=2021-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029003547/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-church-history/article/abs/belief-and-practice-as-illustrated-by-john-xxiis-excommunication-of-robert-bruce/6EDFF5DBD6F9C3E70CAAD7E88A5DD842|url-status=live}}</ref> and later [[Henry VIII of England]] and [[Henry IV of France|Henry III]] of [[Navarre]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/delineationroma01elligoog |title=Delineation of Roman Catholicism: Drawn from the authentic and acknowledged standards of the Church of Rome|publisher=Lane & Scott |first=Charles|last=Elliott|year=1877|page=[https://archive.org/details/delineationroma01elligoog/page/n169 165] |orig-date=1851}}</ref> The [[Waldensians]] were a medieval sect that urged separation of church of state.<ref name="Sabuco Waithe Vintro Zorita 2010 p. 156">{{cite book | last1=Sabuco | first1=O. | last2=Waithe | first2=M.E. | last3=Vintro | first3=M.C. | last4=Zorita | first4=C.A. | title=New Philosophy of Human Nature: Neither Known to Nor Attained by the Great Ancient Philosophers, Which Will Improve Human Life and Health | publisher=University of Illinois Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-252-09231-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9S7GrKO69p0C&pg=PA156 | access-date=2023-03-23 | page=156}}</ref>

In the West the issue of the separation of church and state during the medieval period centered on monarchs who [[sphere sovereignty|ruled in the secular sphere]] but encroached on the Church's rule of the spiritual sphere. This unresolved contradiction in ultimate control of the Church led to power struggles and crises of leadership, notably in the [[Investiture Controversy]], which was resolved in the [[Concordat of Worms]] in 1122. By this concordat, the Emperor renounced the right to invest ecclesiastics with ring and crosier, the symbols of their spiritual power, and guaranteed election by the canons of cathedral or abbey and free consecration.<ref>{{cite book |last= Berman |first= Harold J. |title= Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition |url= https://archive.org/details/lawrevolutionfor0000berm |url-access= registration |publisher= Harvard University Press |year= 1983 |isbn= 0674517741 |oclc= 185405865 }}</ref>