Editing Sertoli cell (section)

==Development==
Sertoli cells are required for male sexual development. Sertoli cell [[Cell proliferation|proliferation]] and [[Cellular differentiation|differentiation]] is mainly activated by [[FGF9]], with which they also form a feedforward loop.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim Y, Kobayashi A, Sekido R, DiNapoli L, Brennan J, Chaboissier MC, Poulat F, Behringer RR, Lovell-Badge R, Capel B | title = Fgf9 and Wnt4 act as antagonistic signals to regulate mammalian sex determination | journal = PLOS Biology | volume = 4 | issue = 6 | pages = e187 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16700629 | pmc = 1463023 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040187 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Moniot">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moniot B, Declosmenil F, Barrionuevo F, Scherer G, Aritake K, Malki S, Marzi L, Cohen-Solal A, Georg I, Klattig J, Englert C, Kim Y, Capel B, Eguchi N, Urade Y, Boizet-Bonhoure B, Poulat F | title = The PGD2 pathway, independently of FGF9, amplifies SOX9 activity in Sertoli cells during male sexual differentiation | journal = Development | volume = 136 | issue = 11 | pages = 1813–21 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19429785 | pmc = 4075598 | doi = 10.1242/dev.032631 }}</ref> It has been suggested that Sertoli cells may derive from the fetal [[mesonephros]].<ref name="VizeWoolf2003">{{cite book | first1 = Peter D. | last1 = Vize | first2 = Adrian S. | last2 = Woolf | first3 = Jonathan | last3 = Bard | name-list-style = vanc | title=The kidney: from normal development to congenital disease|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctOm-cPwo60C&pg=PA82|access-date=18 November 2010|year=2003|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-722441-1|pages=82–}}</ref> After puberty, Sertoli cells begin to elongate. Their nucleoli become larger and tight junctions are completed, creating a fluid-filled lumen space.<ref name="mmsh">{{cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=W |last2=Khan |first2=R |last3=Shah |first3=B |last4=Khan |first4=A |last5=Dil |first5=S |last6=Liu |first6=W |last7=Wen |first7=J |last8=Jiang |first8=X |title=The Molecular Mechanism of Sex Hormones on Sertoli Cell Development and Proliferation. |journal=Frontiers in Endocrinology |date=2021 |volume=12 |pages=648141 |doi=10.3389/fendo.2021.648141 |pmid=34367061 |pmc=8344352 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

FSH is responsible for controlling the proliferation of Sertoli cells shortly after birth and stimulates the production of factors derived from Sertoli cells that control the development of the testes and germ cells. FSH, [[luteinizing hormone]]. [[thyroid-stimulating hormone]], and [[Human chorionic gonadotropin|hCG]] are all known to affect Sertoli cell development and male reproductive health. FSH is required for Sertoli cell mitogen, which stimulates the expression of various cell markers.<ref name="mmsh" />

Once fully differentiated, the Sertoli cell is considered terminally differentiated, and is unable to proliferate.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sharpe RM, McKinnell C, Kivlin C, Fisher JS | title = Proliferation and functional maturation of Sertoli cells, and their relevance to disorders of testis function in adulthood | journal = Reproduction | volume = 125 | issue = 6 | pages = 769–84 | date = June 2003 | pmid = 12773099 | doi = 10.1530/reprod/125.6.769 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Therefore, once spermatogenesis has begun, no more Sertoli cells are created, and their population within the seminiferous tubules is finite.

Recently, however, scientists have found a way to induce Sertoli cells to a juvenile proliferative phenotype outside of the body.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nicholls PK, Stanton PG, Chen JL, Olcorn JS, Haverfield JT, Qian H, Walton KL, Gregorevic P, Harrison CA | title = Activin signaling regulates Sertoli cell differentiation and function | journal = Endocrinology | volume = 153 | issue = 12 | pages = 6065–77 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23117933 | doi = 10.1210/en.2012-1821 | doi-access = free }}</ref> This gives rise to the possibility of repairing some defects of testicular niche cells which may cause male infertility.