Editing Sexual objectification (section)

==Sexual objectification of men==
[[File:Eros and Amore 019.JPG|thumb|250px|Male strippers are an example of the sexual objectification of men.]]

===General===
"Male sexual objectification" involves a man being in public in a sexual context.

Instances where men may be viewed as sexualized can be in advertisements, [[sexuality in music videos|music videos]], films, television shows, [[beefcake]] calendars, [[women's magazine]]s, male [[striptease|strip shows]], and clothed female/nude male (CFNM) events.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sensations4women.com/sportsIni/index.html |title=Sports, gym classes, team initiations and events |work=Sensations4women.com |date=26 January 1998 |access-date=1 August 2012 |archive-date=30 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430135846/http://www.sensations4women.com/sportsIni/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Women also purchase and consume [[pornography]].<ref>''Citations'':
* {{cite book |last=McElroy |first=Wendy |author-link=Wendy McElroy |title=XXX: a woman's right to pornography |page=[https://archive.org/details/xxxwomansrightto00mcel/page/36 36] |publisher=St. Martin's Press |location=New York |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-312-13626-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/xxxwomansrightto00mcel/page/36 }}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.multichannel.com/article/79434-A_Playgirl_for_Adult_TV.php |title=A 'Playgirl" for adult TV |work=[[Multichannel News]] |publisher=[[NewBay Media]] |access-date=1 August 2012 }}
* {{cite news |last=Taormino |first=Tristan |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2008-05-13/coulumns/girls-love-gay-male-porn |title=Girls love gay male porn |work=[[The Village Voice]] |publisher=Josh Fromson |date=13 May 2008 |access-date=16 August 2012 |archive-date=3 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603172927/http://www.villagevoice.com/2008-05-13/coulumns/girls-love-gay-male-porn/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite news |last=Scott |first=Lisa |url=http://www.metro.co.uk/lifestyle/356386-women-who-like-to-watch-gay-porn |title=Women who like to watch gay porn |work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]] |publisher=[[DMG Media]] |date=15 October 2008 |access-date=17 August 2012 }}
* {{cite news |last=Murphy |first=Chris |title=Women's porn tastes: You'll never guess what ladies prefer |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/weird-news/womens-porn-tastes-youll-never-5686920 |work=[[Daily Mirror]] |publisher=[[Trinity Mirror]] |date=12 May 2015 }}</ref>

In her 1992 book, ''Sexual Reality: A Virtual Sex World Reader'', [[feminist]] [[Susie Bright]] dedicated a chapter to a [[Salon (gathering)|salon]] gathering she co-hosted with fellow feminists [[Laura Miller (writer)|Laura Miller]], [[Amy Wallace]], and Lisa Palac at Wallace's [[Berkeley Hills]] mansion, attended by 16 women writers and served by fully nude men they called "slaveboys". The hosts had advertised for "slaveboys" in the ''[[San Francisco Weekly]]'', stating, "[[Genteel]] and [[Bohemian style|Bohemian]] gathering of women writers requires comely slaveboys to serve at our [[tea party]]. You will serve nude and will not speak unless spoken to. [...]". The ad received about 100 responses, from which six were selected after "nude auditions". The "slaveboys" served tea and meals, provided foot massages, polished nails, brushed hair, tended the fire, and posed for photographs with the guests. Bright also addresses criticism from unattended friends who called the setup "reverse [[sexism]]", to which she responded unapologetically, adding a note of regret for not having sex with them.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bright |first1=Susie |author1-link=Susie Bright |title=Susie Bright's Sexual Reality: A Virtual Sex World Reader |date=1992 |publisher=[[Cleis Press]] |isbn=978-0-939416-58-5 |pages=45–54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSUEAQAAIAAJ |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref>

Within gay male communities, men are often objectified.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Teunis |first=Niels |title=Sexual objectification and the construction of whiteness in the gay male community |journal=[[Culture, Health & Sexuality]] |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=263–275 |jstor=20460929 |doi=10.1080/13691050601035597 |pmid=17457730 |date=May 2007 |s2cid=8287617 }}</ref> In 2007 a study found discussing negative effects of objectification was met with considerable resistance in the community. The sexual objectification of [[person of color|men of color]] may force them to play specific roles in sexual encounters that are not necessarily of their own choosing.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/13691050601035597| pmid=17457730|title = Sexual objectification and the construction of whiteness in the gay male community| journal=Culture, Health & Sexuality| volume=9| issue=3| pages=263–275|year = 2007|last1 = Teunis|first1 = Niels| s2cid=8287617}}</ref>

Research suggests that the psychological effects of objectification on men are similar to those of women, leading to negative [[body image]] among men.<ref>{{cite news |last=Neimark |first=Jill |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200910/the-beefcaking-america |title=The beefcaking of America |work=[[Psychology Today]] |publisher=Sussex Publishers |date=1 November 1994 |access-date=1 August 2012}}</ref>

=== Media ===
Men's bodies have become more objectified than they previously were, though because of society's established gaze on the objectification of women, the newfound objectification of men is not as widespread.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kellie |first1=Dax J. |last2=Blake |first2=Khandis R. |last3=Brooks |first3=Robert C. |title=What drives female objectification? An investigation of appearance-based interpersonal perceptions and the objectification of women |journal=PLOS ONE |date=23 August 2019 |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=e0221388 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0221388 |pmid=31442260 |pmc=6707629 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1421388K |doi-access=free }}</ref> Even with this increase of male objectification, men are still seen as the dominant figures and so the focus is still primarily on women.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Tortajada-Giménez |first1= Iolanda |last2= Araüna-Baró |first2= Núria | last3 = Martínez-Martínez | first3 = Inmaculada José | title = Advertising stereotypes and gender representation in social networking sites | journal = Comunicar | volume = 21 | issue = 41 | pages = 177&ndash;186 | date = 2013 | url = https://www.revistacomunicar.com/indice-en/articulo.php?numero=41-2013-17 |doi= 10.3916/C41-2013-17 | doi-access = free | hdl = 10272/7056 | hdl-access = free }} [https://doi.org/10.3916/C41-2013-17 Original Spanish article.]</ref>

Male sexual objectification has been found in 37% of advertisements featuring men's body parts to showcase a product.<ref name=":02">{{cite journal | last1 = Davidson | first1 = M. Meghan | last2 = Gervais | first2 = Sarah J. | last3 = Canivez | first3 = Gary L. | last4 = Cole | first4 = Brian P. | title = A psychometric examination of the Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Scale among college men | journal = [[Journal of Counseling Psychology]] | volume = 60 | issue = 2 | pages = 239&ndash;250 | doi = 10.1037/a0032075 | pmid = 23458607 | date = April 2013 }}</ref> Similar to the issues of sexual objectification in women, it is common for said objectification to lead men to body shaming, eating disorders, and a drive for perfection. The continued exposure of these "ideal" men subject society to expect all men to fit this role.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Buchbinder | first = David | author-link = David Buchbinder | title = Object or ground? The male body as fashion accessory | journal = [[Canadian Review of American Studies]] | volume = 34 | issue = 3 | pages = 221&ndash;232 | doi = 10.1353/crv.2006.0030 | date = Winter 2004 | s2cid = 161493223 }}</ref>

Male actors featured in TV shows and movies are oftentimes in excellent shape and have the "ideal" bodies. These men often fill the leading roles. When society is subjected to men who do not have ideal bodies, we typically see them as the comic relief. It is rare to see an out of shape man have a leading role. Leanne  Dawson writes that "There are temporal, cultural and geographical "norms" of gender and other aspects of identity, which are often incorrectly considered to be inherent or natural."<ref>{{cite journal | last = Dawson | first = Leanne | title = Passing and policing: controlling compassion, bodies and boundaries in ''Boys Don't Cry'' and ''Unveiled/Fremde Haut'' | journal = Studies in European Cinema | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 205&ndash;228 | doi = 10.1080/17411548.2015.1094258 | date = 2015 | s2cid = 147349266 | url = https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/22121834/Dawson_SEC_2015_Passing_and_Policing.pdf | hdl = 20.500.11820/8f102aab-aa8c-4524-8cc1-18ff25ed0467 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>

In the media, the ideal version of a man is seen as a strong, toned man. The idealized version of a woman is thin.<ref name="Aubrey" /> Body evaluation is more commonly used to criticize women than men, and it can take different forms for men. For example, body evaluation is often directed at men's nonverbal cues. By contrast, women more often are subject to body evaluation in the form of sexual, sometimes offensive, verbal remarks. Men tend to experience this from other men, whereas women experience it from both sexes.<ref name=":02" /> The Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Scale (ISOS) is a scale that shows sexual objectification of respondents, both men and women. While experiencing sexual objectification it creates the need to constantly maintain and critique one's physical appearance. This leads to other things like eating disorders, body shaming, and anxiety. The ISOS scale can be related to objectification theory and sexism.<ref name=":02" /> Self-objectification, which is the way in which people evaluate themselves, is concentrated more on women.  Men typically experience it through media display.  To the extent that men do experience self-objectification, studies have shown that men typically do not experience its negative effects to the extent that women do.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Tomi-Ann|last1=Roberts|first2=Jennifer Y.|last2=Gettman|title=Mere Exposure: Gender Differences in the Negative Effects of Priming a State of Self-Objectification|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SERS.0000032306.20462.22|journal=Sex Roles|date=1 July 2004|issn=1573-2762|pages=17–27|volume=51|issue=1|doi=10.1023/B:SERS.0000032306.20462.22|s2cid=55703429|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Aubrey">{{cite book | last = Stevens Aubrey | first = Jennifer |title=Investigating the role of self-objectification in the relationship between media exposure and sexual self-perceptions | url = http://www.icahdq.org/page/PastFuture | date = 27 May 2003 }} Paper presented at the annual meeting of the [[International Communication Association]], Marriott Hotel, San Diego, CA, May 27, 2003.
:''See also'': {{cite journal | last = Stevens Aubrey | first = Jennifer | title = Effects of sexually objectifying media on self-objectification and body surveillance in undergraduates: results of a 2-year panel study | journal = [[Journal of Communication]] | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | pages = 366&ndash;386 | doi = 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00024.x | date = June 2006 }}</ref>

In the media, sexual objectification has been used as a way to sell products to the general public.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Amanda|last1=Zimmerman|first2=John|last2=Dahlberg|title=The Sexual Objectification of Women in Advertising: A Contemporary Cultural Perspective|url=http://www.journalofadvertisingresearch.com/content/48/1/71|journal=Journal of Advertising Research|date=1 March 2008|issn=0021-8499|pages=71–79|volume=48|issue=1|doi=10.2501/S0021849908080094|s2cid=30977582|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Lizardo|last1=Vargas-Bianchi|first2=Marta|last2=Mensa|title=Do you remember me? Women sexual objectification in advertising among young consumers|url=https://doi.org/10.1108/YC-04-2019-0994|journal=Young Consumers|date=1 January 2020|issn=1747-3616|pages=77–90|volume=21|issue=1|doi=10.1108/YC-04-2019-0994|s2cid=216353566|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sexual objectification has been used as a marketing strategy for many decades according to the Journal of Advertising. This specific strategy targets the public in selling products that will make them look and feel desirable and attractive. It is stated that this strategy sells well by grabbing the attention of the public. The journal states that explicit advertisements do better in marketing than other non-explicit ads.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=Brett A. S. |last2=Lang |first2=Bodo |last3=Wong |first3=Stephanie |title=Conclusion Explicitness in Advertising: The Moderating Role of Need for Cognition (NFC) and Argument Quality (AQ) on Persuasion |journal=Journal of Advertising |date=2003 |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=57–65 |doi=10.1080/00913367.2003.10639148 |jstor=4622179 |s2cid=140844572 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4622179 |access-date=27 October 2022 |issn=0091-3367|url-access=subscription }}</ref>