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Sheba
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=== Formative period === The formative phase of the Sabaeans, or the period prior to the emergence of urban cultures in South Arabia, can be placed the latter part of the 2nd millennium BCE, and was completed by the 10th century BCE, where a fully developed script appears in combination with the technological prowess to construct complex architectural complexes and cities. There is some debate as to the degree to which the movement out of the formative phase was channeled by endogenous processes, or the transfer or technologies from other centers, perhaps via trade and immigration.{{Sfn|Nebes|2023|pp=330–332}}{{Sfn|Robin|2002|pp=57–58}} Originally, the Sabaeans were part of "communities" (called ''shaʿbs'') on the edge of the [[Sayhad desert]]. Very early, at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC, the political leaders of this tribal community managed to create a huge commonwealth of shaʿbs occupying most of South Arabian territory and took on the title "[[Mukarrib]] of the Sabaeans".{{sfn|Korotayev|1996|pp=2–3}}
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