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Silent synapse
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== Activation == Silent synapses are activated via the insertion of AMPARs into the postsynaptic membrane, a phenomenon commonly called "[[AMPA receptor trafficking]]."<ref name="Kerchner 2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kerchner GA, Nicoll RA | title = Silent synapses and the emergence of a postsynaptic mechanism for LTP | journal = Nature Reviews. Neuroscience | volume = 9 | issue = 11 | pages = 813β25 | date = November 2008 | pmid = 18854855 | pmc = 2819160 | doi = 10.1038/nrn2501 }}</ref> When glutamate binds to a strongly-depolarized postsynaptic cell (e.g., during [[Hebbian LTP]]), Ca<sup>2+</sup> quickly enters and binds to [[calmodulin]]. Calmodulin activates [[calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II]] (CaMKII), which — among other things — acts on AMPAR-containing [[vesicle (biology)|vesicle]]s near the postsynaptic membrane. CaMKII [[phosphorylation|phosphorylates]] these AMPARs, which serves as a signal to insert them into the postsynaptic membrane. Once AMPARs are inserted, the synapse is no longer silent; activated synapses no longer require simultaneous pre- and postsynaptic activity in order to elicit EPSPs. After initial activation (Early [[Long-term potentiation|Long Term Potentiation]]), if the post synaptic neuron continues to be stimulated, it will adjust to become permanently excitable (Late Long Term Potentiation). It does this by changing its level of AMPA Receptor production which are then inserted into the membrane at the synapse. Evidence suggests that dendrite arborization and synapse maturation 1 (Dasm1), an Ig superfamily member, is involved in the maturation of synapses, essentially "awakening" the silent synapses.
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