Editing Simian (section)

==Classification==
{{cladogram|title=Phylogeny of living (extant) primates|caption=Cladogram. For each clade, it is indicated approximately how many Mya newer extant clades radiated.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}|clades={{Clade   
  |label1=[[Primate]]s (80 Mya)
    |1={{Clade
      |label1=[[Haplorhini]] (63 Mya)
      |1={{Clade
         |label1='''Simiiformes''' (42.6 Mya)
         |1={{Clade
            |label1=[[Catarrhini]] (29.0 Mya)
            |1={{Clade
               |1=[[Hominoidea]]
               |2=[[Cercopithecoidea]]
               }}
            |2=[[Platyrrhini]]
            }}
         |2=[[Tarsiiformes]]
         }}
      |2=[[Strepsirrhini]]
      }}
   }}}}

The following is the listing of the various simian families, and their placement in the order Primates:<ref name=msw3/><ref name= SAP>{{cite book |vauthors=Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA|title = South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation | chapter = The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini) | publisher = Springer |veditors=Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, [[Karen B. Strier|Strier KB]] | isbn = 978-0-387-78704-6 | year = 2009}}</ref>
* '''Order [[Primate]]s'''
** Suborder [[Strepsirrhini]]: non[[tarsier]] prosimians
** Suborder [[Haplorhini]]: tarsiers and monkeys, including apes
*** Infraorder [[Tarsiiformes]]
***Infraorder '''Simiiformes'''
**** Parvorder [[Platyrrhini]]: New World monkeys
***** Family [[Callitrichidae]]: marmosets and tamarins
***** Family [[Cebidae]]: capuchins and squirrel monkeys
***** Family [[Aotidae]]: night or owl monkeys (douroucoulis)
***** Family [[Pitheciidae]]: titis, sakis, and uakaris
***** Family [[Atelidae]]: howler, spider, and woolly monkeys
**** Parvorder [[Catarrhini]]
***** Superfamily [[Old World monkey|Cercopithecoidea]]: Old World monkeys
****** Family [[Old World monkey|Cercopithecidae]]
***** Superfamily [[Hominoidea]]
****** Family [[Hylobatidae]]: gibbons
****** Family [[Hominidae]]: great apes, including humans
**** †[[Amphipithecidae]]
**** †[[Eosimiidae]]
**** †''[[Aseanpithecus]]''
Below is a cladogram with some of the extinct simian species with the more modern species emerging within the Eosimiidae. The simians originated in Asia, while the crown simians were in Afro-Arabia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marivaux|first1=Laurent|last2=Antoine|first2=Pierre-Olivier|last3=Baqri|first3=Syed Rafiqul Hassan|last4=Benammi|first4=Mouloud|last5=Chaimanee|first5=Yaowalak|last6=Crochet|first6=Jean-Yves|last7=Franceschi|first7=Dario de|last8=Iqbal|first8=Nayyer|last9=Jaeger|first9=Jean-Jacques|date=2005-06-14|title=Anthropoid primates from the Oligocene of Pakistan (Bugti Hills): Data on early anthropoid evolution and biogeography|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|language=en|volume=102|issue=24|pages=8436–8441|doi=10.1073/pnas.0503469102|issn=0027-8424|pmc=1150860|pmid=15937103|bibcode=2005PNAS..102.8436M|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Seiffert|first1=Erik R.|last2=Boyer|first2=Doug M.|last3=Fleagle|first3=John G.|last4=Gunnell|first4=Gregg F.|last5=Heesy|first5=Christopher P.|last6=Perry|first6=Jonathan M. G.|last7=Sallam|first7=Hesham M.|date=2017-04-10|title=New adapiform primate fossils from the late Eocene of Egypt|journal=Historical Biology|volume=30|issue=1–2|pages=204–226|doi=10.1080/08912963.2017.1306522|issn=0891-2963|s2cid=89631627|url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/4834019 }}</ref><ref name="The Human Lineage"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ryan|first1=Timothy M.|last2=Silcox|first2=Mary T.|last3=Walker|first3=Alan|last4=Mao|first4=Xianyun|last5=Begun|first5=David R.|last6=Benefit|first6=Brenda R.|last7=Gingerich|first7=Philip D.|last8=Köhler|first8=Meike|last9=Kordos|first9=László|date=2012-09-07|title=Evolution of locomotion in Anthropoidea: the semicircular canal evidence|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences|language=en|volume=279|issue=1742|pages=3467–3475|doi=10.1098/rspb.2012.0939|issn=0962-8452|pmc=3396915|pmid=22696520}}</ref><ref name="Primates in Perspective"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Seiffert|first1=Erik R.|last2=Tejedor|first2=Marcelo F.|last3=Fleagle|first3=John G.|last4=Novo|first4=Nelson M.|last5=Cornejo|first5=Fanny M.|last6=Bond|first6=Mariano|last7=de Vries|first7=Dorien|last8=Campbell|first8=Kenneth E.|date=2020-04-10|title=A parapithecid stem anthropoid of African origin in the Paleogene of South America|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aba1135|journal=Science|language=en|volume=368|issue=6487|pages=194–197|doi=10.1126/science.aba1135|pmid=32273470|bibcode=2020Sci...368..194S|s2cid=215550773|issn=0036-8075}}</ref> It is indicated approximately how many Mya the clades diverged into newer clades.

{{Clade|{{Clade
  |1='''[[Tarsiiformes]]''' [[File:Säugethiere vom Celebes- und Philippinen-Archipel (Taf. III) (white background) (1).jpg|40 px]]
  |label2='''Simians (54)'''
  |2={{Clade
    |state1=dashed
    |label1=[[Ekgmowechashalidae]] (39)
    |1={{Clade
       |1=''[[Muangthanhinius]]'' (†32 Mya)
       |label2=(36)
       |2={{Clade
           |1=''[[Gatanthropus micros]]'' (†30)
           |2=''[[Bugtilemur]]'' (†29)
       }}
      |state3=dashed
      |3=''[[Ekgmowechashala]]'' (†)
    }}
    |label2='''[[Eosimiidae]] (52)'''
    |2={{Clade
      |label1=[[Eosimiidae|Eosimiidae s.s.]](50)
      |1={{Clade
         |label1=(45)
         |1={{Clade
           |1=''[[Eosimias]]'' (†40)
           |2=''[[Phenacopithecus]]'' (†42)
         }}
         |label2=(45)
         |2={{Clade
           |1=''{{ill|Bahinia|fr}}'' (†32)
           |2=''[[Nosmips aenigmaticus]]'' (†37)
         }}
      }}
      |2={{Clade
        |1=''[[Phileosimias]]'' (†28)
        |label2='''(48)'''
        |2={{Clade
          |1=[[Amphipithecidae]] (†35)
          |label2='''(45)'''
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Parapithecoidea]]
|1={{Clade
              |1=[[Parapithecidae]] (†30)
              |2=[[Proteopithecidae]] (†34)
}}
            |label2='''Crown Simians (40)'''
            |2={{Clade
   |label1='''[[Platyrrhini]] (35)'''
|1={{Clade
|1=''[[Perupithecus]]'' (†)          
|label2='''(30)'''
               |2={{Clade
                 |label1=(29)
                 |1={{Clade
                    |1=''[[Chilecebus]]'' (†20)
                    |label2=(26)
                    |2={{Clade
                      |1=''[[Tremacebus]]'' (†20)
                      |label2=(24)
                      |2={{Clade
                        |1=''[[Homunculus (genus)|Homunculus]]'' (†16)
                        |2=''[[Dolichocebus]]'' (†20)
                      }}
                    }}
                 }}
                 |label2=(28)
                 |2={{Clade
                   |1=''[[Branisella]]'' (†26)
                   |2='''[[Platyrrhini|Crown Platyrrhini (New World Monkeys)]]''' [[File:Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen (Plate 8) (white background).jpg|60 px]]
                 }}
               }}
}}
              |2='''[[Catarrhini]]''' [[File:Cynocephalus doguera - 1700-1880 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - (white background).tiff|60 px]]
}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|label1='''[[Haplorhini]] (64)'''|style1=line-height:80%;font-size:80%}}

Usually the [[Ekgmowechashalidae]] are considered to be [[Strepsirrhini]], not Haplorhini.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ni|first1=Xijun|last2=Li|first2=Qiang|last3=Li|first3=Lüzhou|last4=Beard|first4=K. Christopher|date=2016-05-06|title=Oligocene primates from China reveal divergence between African and Asian primate evolution|journal=Science|language=en|volume=352|issue=6286|pages=673–677|doi=10.1126/science.aaf2107|issn=0036-8075|pmid=27151861|bibcode=2016Sci...352..673N|doi-access=free}}</ref> A 2018 study places Eosimiidae as a sister to the crown haplorhini.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=López-Torres|first1=Sergi|last2=Silcox|first2=Mary T.|last3=Holroyd|first3=Patricia A.|date=2018-09-22|title=New omomyoids (Euprimates, Mammalia) from the late Uintan of southern California, USA, and the question of the extinction of the Paromomyidae (Plesiadapiformes, Primates)|journal=Palaeontologia Electronica|language=en|volume=21|issue=3|pages=1–28|doi=10.26879/756|issn=1094-8074|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2020 papers, the [[Proteopithecidae]] are part of the [[Parapithecoidea]],<ref name=":2"/> and ''[[Nosmips aenigmaticus]]'' (previously in [[Eosimiidae|Eosimidae]]<ref name=":0" />) is a basal simian.<ref name=":2"/> In a 2021 paper, the following basal simians were found:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wisniewski |first1=Anna L. |last2=Lloyd |first2=Graeme T. |last3=Slater |first3=Graham J. |date=2022-05-25 |title=Extant species fail to estimate ancestral geographical ranges at older nodes in primate phylogeny |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=289 |issue=1975 |pages=20212535 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2021.2535 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=9115010 |pmid=35582793}}</ref>

{{Clade|{{clade
|label1=(57)
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Altiatlasius|Altiatlasius koulch]]'' (†57)
|label2=(48)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Nosmips aenigmaticum]]'' (†37)
|label2=(37)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Anthradapis vietnamensis]]'' (†37)
|2=[[Ekgmowechashalidae]] (†28)
}}}}}}
|label2=(56)
|2={{clade
|label1=(17)
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Dolichocebus|Dolichocebus annectens]]'' (†16)
|2=''[[Parvimico materdei]]'' (†16)
}}
|label2=(54)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Eosimiidae|Eosimiidae s.s.]]'' (†41)
|label2=(48)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Bahinia]]'' (†33)
|label2=(45)
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Phileosimias]]'' (†28)
|2=higher Simians (incl. crown simians)
}}
}}
}}
  }}
}}|label1=[[Simiiformes]]/ (58)|style1=line-height:80%;font-size:80%|sublabel1=[[Eosimiidae|Eosimiidae s.l.]]}}

''Dolichocebus annectens'' and ''Parvimico materdei'' would normally, given their South American location and their age and other factors, be considered Platyrrhini. The original Eosmiidae appear polyphyletic with ''Nosmips,'' ''Bahinia, and'' ''Phileosimias'' at different locations from other eosimians.