Editing Social change (section)

== Types of change ==
Social changes can vary according to speed and scope and impetus.<ref>
{{cite book
 | last1 = Partridge
 | first1 = Lesley
 | title = Managing Change
 | date = 2 November 2007
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8Y1bF42HQ44C
 | location = Amsterdam
 | publisher = Routledge
 | publication-date = 2007
 | page = 11
 | isbn = 9781136385827
 | access-date = 30 October 2020
 | quote = The pressures for change influence the type of change experienced – its speed and scope, and how it is introduced and planned. Change can be anywhere on a scale from radical to gradual. It may be imposed from above or initiated from below.
}}
</ref>
Some research on the various types of social change focuses on social organizations such as [[corporation]]s.

Different manifestations of change include:

* Fabian change<ref>
For example:
{{cite book
 | last1 = Baltov
 | first1 = Victor Alexander
 | chapter = The Overseas Progressive New World Order March
 | title = Reclaiming the Strike Zone: Do It American
 | date = 18 September 2012
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KX3Qoyd51voC
 | publication-date = 2012
 | page = 110
 | publisher = Author House
 | isbn = 9781477254868
 | access-date = 30 October 2020
 | quote = The only choice would be to accept ''Fabian'' change, whether it was desirable or not [...].
}}
</ref> – gradual and reformist incremental amelioration after the manner of the [[Fabian Society]]
* radical change<ref>
For example:
{{cite book
 | last1 = Kaufman
 | first1 = Cynthia
 | year = 2003
 | title = Ideas for Action: Relevant Theory for Radical Change
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_FwvDAAAQBAJ
 | edition = 2
 | location = Oakland, California
 | publisher = PM Press
 | publication-date = 2016
 | isbn = 9781629632544
 | access-date = 30 October 2020
}}
</ref> – improvements root and branch in the style of [[Radicalism (politics)|political radicalism]]
* [[revolution]]ary change<ref>
For example:
{{cite book
 | last1 = Johnson
 | first1 = Chalmers A.
 | author-link1 = Chalmers Johnson
 | year = 1966
 | chapter = Revolution: The Implications of a Political Concept
 | title = Revolutionary Change
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LYmfmDa6MUEC
 | series = Volume 47 of SP (Stanford University)
 | edition = 2
 | location = Stanford, California
 | publisher = Stanford University Press
 | publication-date = 1982
 | page = 1
 | isbn = 9780804711456
 | access-date = 30 October 2020
 | quote = Revolutionary change is a special kind of social change, one that involves the intrusion of violence into civil social relations.
}}
</ref> – abrupt, radical and drastic change, with implications of [[violence]] and of starting afresh (perhaps most popular as a political [[bogeyman]])
* transformational change<ref>
For example:
{{cite book
 | last1 = Brown
 | first1 = Valerie A.
 | last2 = Harris
 | first2 = John A.
 | title = The Human Capacity for Transformational Change: Harnessing the collective mind
 | date = 24 February 2014
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=f6jpAgAAQBAJ
 | location = Abingdon
 | publisher = Routledge
 | publication-date = 2014
 | isbn = 9781136263514
 | access-date = 30 October 2020
 | quote = Transformational change is always stochastic: it is the outcome of established systems having been disturbed by n unpredictable change.
}}
</ref> – a [[New-age]] version of radical change, and thus difficult to define
* continuous change, open-ended change – change (allegedly) for the sake of change<ref>
{{cite book|last1= Partridge|first1= Lesley|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8Y1bF42HQ44C|title= Managing Change |date= 2 November 2007|publisher= Routledge|isbn= 9781136385827|location= Amsterdam|publication-date= 2007|page= 12 |quote= Open-ended change is characterised by a radical change, followed soon by another, and perhaps more to come. |access-date=30 October 2020}}
</ref>
* top-down change – reliance on [[leadership]]<ref>
{{cite book
 | last1 = Tabrizi
 | first1 = Behnam N.
 | title = Rapid Transformation: A 90-Day Plan for Fast and Effective Change
 | date = 18 October 2007
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wRZiCbiNK44C
 | location = Boston, Massachusetts
 | publisher = Harvard Business School Press
 | publication-date = 2007
 | pages = 79–80
 | isbn = 9781422163467
 | access-date = 30 October 2020
 | quote = [...] leaders who impose top-down change tend to overestimate both their ability to spread change through [an] entire organization without getting adequate buy-in and their ability to fully assess the scope of problems [...].
}}
</ref>
* bottom-up change<ref>
For example:
{{cite book
 | last1 = Schermerhorn
 | first1 = John R.
 | year = 1996
 | chapter = Organization Culture and Change
 | title = Management
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rk4xL2XNrocC
 | edition = 11
 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons
 | publication-date = 2010
 | page = 272
 | isbn = 9780470530511
 | access-date = 30 October 2020
 | quote = Bottom-up change tries to unlock ideas and initiative at lower organizational levels and let them percolate upward. 
}}
</ref> – reliance on the huddled masses
* [[reactionary]] change – the reversal of a previous political or social change<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Stone
 |first1               = William F.
 |last2                = Schaffner
 |first2               = Paul E.
 |date                 = 6 December 2012
 |orig-date            = 1974
 |chapter              = Social Change
 |title                = The Psychology of Politics
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=7UMyBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT329
 |edition              = 2
 |publication-place    = New York
 |publisher            = Springer Science & Business Media
 |page                 = 
 |isbn                 = 9781461238300
 |access-date          = 29 March 2025
 |quote                = Social change is at the heart of politics [...] much of the language of ideology concerns change: progressive change, conservation (of the status quo), reactionary change (toward an earlier state of society), and radical change (concerned with uprooting existing political institutions).
}}
</ref>
* socio-tectonic change<ref>
For example;
{{cite journal
| last1                 = Davey
| first1                = Andrew
| author-link1          = Andrew Davey
| title                 = Editorial
| url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZivgUxDZbIC
| journal               = Crucible
| publication-date      = 2004
| volume                = 43
| page                  = 4
| issn                  = 0011-2100
| quote                 = [...] changes that happen in London are the harbingers of changes that will soon come to other towns and cities [...]. [...] One of London's most attractive yet puzzling features is the way that poverty and 'posherty' can co-exist on opposite sides of the same street. But if you think of that tarmac divide as some sort of socio-tectonic fault-line, along which various neighbourhoods have split and slid, then it all suddenly makes sense.
}}
</ref><ref>
For example:
{{cite book
 |last1                = Kumkar
 |first1               = Nils C.
 |date                 = 21 March 2018
 |chapter              = The Demographics of the Mobilized: The Core Constituency of the Protests
 |title                = The Tea Party, Occupy Wall Street, and the Great Recession
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=UK9SDwAAQBAJ
 |series               = Critical Political Theory and Radical Practice
 |publication-place    = Cham, Zug
 |publisher            = Springer Nature
 |pages                = 67–68
 |isbn                 = 9783319736884
 |access-date          = 22 April 2024
 |quote                = [...] I will use the available data from surveys and my own observations to delineate the class-generational units that form the core constituencies of the respective protest mobilizations and their ''corridors of experience'' or the large socio-tectonic shifts that affected these class-generational units.
}} 
</ref> – postulated deep-seated fundamental social shifts