Editing Somatic cell (section)

==Cloning==
[[File:Cloning diagram english.svg|thumb|Schematic model of somatic cell nuclear transfer. This technique has been used to create clones of an organism or in therapeutic medicine.]]
In recent years, the technique of [[cloning]] whole organisms has been developed in mammals, allowing almost identical genetic clones of an animal to be produced. One method of doing this is called "[[somatic cell nuclear transfer]]" and involves removing the [[cell nucleus|nucleus]] from a somatic cell, usually a skin cell. This nucleus contains all of the genetic information needed to produce the organism it was removed from. This nucleus is then injected into an [[ovum]] of the same species which has had its own genetic material removed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilmut |first=Ian |last2=Bai |first2=Yu |last3=Taylor |first3=Jane |date=2015-10-19 |title=Somatic cell nuclear transfer: origins, the present position and future opportunities |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=370 |issue=1680 |pages=20140366 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2014.0366 |issn=0962-8436 |pmc=4633995 |pmid=26416677}}</ref> The ovum now no longer needs to be fertilized, because it contains the correct amount of genetic material (a [[diploid]] number of [[chromosomes]]). In theory, the ovum can be implanted into the [[uterus]] of a same-species animal and allowed to develop. The resulting animal will be a nearly genetically identical clone to the animal from which the nucleus was taken. The only difference is caused by any [[mitochondria]]l DNA that is retained in the ovum, which is different from the cell that donated the nucleus. In practice, this technique has so far been problematic, although there have been a few high-profile successes, such as [[Dolly the Sheep]] (July 5, 1996 - February 14, 2003)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Life of Dolly {{!}} Dolly the Sheep |url=https://dolly.roslin.ed.ac.uk/facts/the-life-of-dolly/index.html |access-date=2023-12-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> and, more recently, [[Snuppy]] (April 24, 2005 - May 2015), the first cloned [[dog]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Min Jung |last2=Oh |first2=Hyun Ju |last3=Kim |first3=Geon A |last4=Setyawan |first4=Erif Maha Nugraha |last5=Choi |first5=Yoo Bin |last6=Lee |first6=Seok Hee |last7=Petersen-Jones |first7=Simon M. |last8=Ko |first8=CheMyong J. |last9=Lee |first9=Byeong Chun |date=2017-11-10 |title=Birth of clones of the world's first cloned dog |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=15235 |bibcode=2017NatSR...715235K |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-15328-2 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=5681657 |pmid=29127382}}</ref>