Editing Soukous (section)

=== Origins ===
{{Main|Congolese rumba}}
The origins of the genre can be traced back to [[Congolese rumba]], which emerged in the early 20th century when urban residents of the [[French Congo]] and the [[Belgian Congo]] embraced the fusion of intertribal [[Kongo people|Kongolese]] ''maringa'' dance music near [[Pool Malebo]], infused with guitar techniques from [[Liberia]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Martin |first=Phyllis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N65pbr2hC4wC |title=Leisure and Society in Colonial Brazzaville |date=2002-08-08 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52446-9 |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |pages=131–152 |language=en}}</ref> The outflow of [[Kru people|Kru]] [[merchant]]s and sailors from Liberia to [[Brazzaville]] during the mid-19th century introduced distinctive guitar-playing techniques that ultimately influenced the use of the [[accordion]] to emulate local "''likembe''" (thumb piano, best known worldwide as a [[mbira]]) rhythms.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kubik |first=Gerhard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqYpBkpvqsEC |title=Theory of African Music, Volume I |date=2010-10-30 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-45691-1 |location=Chicago, Illinois, United States |pages=384–385 |language=en}}</ref> As early as 1902, the accordion's melodies resonated through the streets near Pool Malebo's factories.<ref name=":3" />
[[File:Club de rumba congolaise à Léopoldville.jpg|thumb|182x182px|A [[Duet|duo]] performing at [[Congolese rumba]] nightspot in [[Kinshasa|Léopoldville]]|left]]
The outbreak of [[World War I]] introduced a new wave of music and dance across the [[Kongo Central|Lower Congo]] (present-day [[Kongo Central]]) and the [[Pool Malebo]] region.<ref name=":3" /> Emerging from [[labor camp]] and conceivably associated with the return of [[Matadi–Kinshasa Railway]] construction workers, local dances such as agbaya and maringa gained prominence.<ref name=":3" /> The [[Circle dance|circular]] agbaya dance was soon replaced by [[Partner dance|partnered]] maringa dance music, becoming increasingly ubiquitous in [[Matadi]], [[Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Boma]], [[Brazzaville]], and Léopoldville (now [[Kinshasa]]).<ref name=":3" />
Initially, maringa bands featured the ''likembe'' for [[melody]], a metal rod-struck bottle for rhythm, and a small skin-covered [[frame drum]] called ''patenge'' for [[Counter-melody|counter-rhythms]].<ref name=":3" /> However, by the 1920s, accordions and [[acoustic guitar]]s progressively supplanted the ''likembe'' as melody instruments. The distinctive hip movements of ''maringa'' dancers, shifting their body weight between legs gained popularity.<ref name=":3" /> By 1935, partnered dancing's popularity dispersed expeditiously across the [[Congo Basin|Congo basin]], reaching even remote villages. Dance halls emerged in towns and rural areas, while conventional dancing persisted in palm branch huts.<ref name=":3" /> 
[[File:Bar de rumba congolaise à Léopoldville de 1955 à 1965.jpg|thumb|Congolese rumba bar in Léopoldville]]
In the early 1940s, Pool Malebo transformed from a barrier into a communication channel linking Brazzaville and Kinshasa.<ref name=":3" /> The [[Son cubano|Cuban son]] groups like [[Sexteto Habanero]], [[Trio Matamoros]], and Los Guaracheros de Oriente were broadcast on [[Radio Congo Belge]], gaining popularity in the country.<ref name=":3" /><ref>''The Encyclopedia of Africa v. 1''. 2010 p. 407.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Storm Roberts |first1=John |url=https://archive.org/details/latintingeimpact0000robe |title=The Latin Tinge: The Impact of Latin American Music on the United States |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-976148-7 |edition=2nd |location=New York, NY |pages=[https://archive.org/details/latintingeimpact0000robe/page/217 217]–218 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Due to influence of Cuban son, the maringa dance music—although unrelated to [[Cuban rumba]]—became known as "''[[Congolese rumba|rumba Congolaise]]''" as the imported records of [[Sexteto Habanero]] and [[Trio Matamoros]] were often mislabeled as "rumba".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Mukuna |first=Kazadi wa |date=2014-12-07 |title=A brief history of popular music in DRC |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/brief-history-popular-music-drc |access-date=2023-08-25 |website=Music In Africa |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Edward-Ekpu |first=Uwagbale |date=2021-12-21 |title=Rumba's Congolese roots are finally being recognized by Unesco |url=https://qz.com/africa/2104795/rumbas-congolese-roots-are-finally-being-recognized-by-unesco |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref> Ethnomusicology Professor Kazadi wa Mukuna of [[Kent State University]] explicates that the term "rumba" persisted in the Congos due to recording industry interests. Recording studio proprietors reinterpreted the term rumba by attributing it new ''maringa'' rhythm while retaining the name.<ref name=":2" /> Consequently, their music became recognized as "Congolese rumba" or "African rumba". [[Wendo Kolosoy|Antoine Wendo Kolosoy]] became the first star of Congolese rumba touring [[Europe]] and [[North America]] with his band Victoria Bakolo Miziki. His 1948 hit "Marie-Louise," co-written with guitarist [[Henri Bowane]], gained popularity across [[West Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2009-08-18 |title=Les années 1970: L'âge d'or de la musique congolaise |trans-title=The 1970s: The Golden Age of Congolese Music |url=http://www.mbokamosika.com/article-35012968.html |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=Mbokamosika |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-07-30 |title='Father' of Congolese rumba dies |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7533358.stm |access-date=2023-08-26}}</ref> Congolese rumba gained prominence in [[Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congolese music]] as early pioneers revolutionized their relationship with the instruments they held.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Greenstreet |first=Morgan |date=December 7, 2018 |title=Seben Heaven: The Roots of Soukous |url=https://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2018/12/the-roots-of-soukous |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=daily.redbullmusicacademy.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ossinonde |first=Clément |date=2017-08-02 |title=Qui est à l'origine du "Sebene" dans la musique congolaise ? Sa notation musicale ? |url=https://www.pagesafrik.com/a-lorigine-sebene-musique-congolaise-notation-musicale/ |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=Pagesafrik.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref>