Editing Spinal tumor (section)

==Pathophysiology==
The [[spinal cord]] is a long, cylindrical anatomical structure that is located within the [[Spinal cavity|vertebral cavity]]. It runs from the [[foramen magnum]] of the skull to the [[conus medullaris]] at the lumbar spine.<ref name=":0" /> Most symptoms from spinal tumors occur due to compression of the spinal cord as it plays a primary role in motor and sensory function.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-540-44715-3.pdf|language=en-gb|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-44715-3|year=2007|isbn=978-3-540-44714-6 |title=Surgery of Spinal Tumors }}</ref> The spinal cord is surrounded by three layers known as the spinal [[meninges]].<ref name=":6" /> These are the [[dura mater]], [[arachnoid mater]], and [[pia mater]]. Spinal cord tumors are classified based on their location within the spinal cord: intradural (intradmedullary and extramedullary) and extradural tumors.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

Intradural tumors are located within the dura mater.<ref name=":0" /> These are further broken down into intramedullary and extramedullary tumors. Intradural-intramedullary tumors are located within the spinal cord itself, with the most common being [[ependymoma]]s, [[astrocytoma]]s, and [[hemangioblastoma]]s.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Chamberlain|first1=Marc C.|last2=Tredway|first2=Trent L.|date=2011-06-01|title=Adult Primary Intradural Spinal Cord Tumors: A Review|journal=Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=3|pages=320–328|doi=10.1007/s11910-011-0190-2|pmid=21327734|s2cid=14866999|issn=1534-6293}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref name="Nambiar" /> Intradural-extramedullary tumors are located within the dura but outside of the spinal cord parenchyma, with the most common being [[meningioma]]s and [[nerve sheath tumor]]s (e.g. [[schwannoma]]s, [[neurofibroma]]s).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name="Nambiar" /> Extradural tumors are located outside the dura mater most commonly in the vertebral bodies from metastatic disease.<ref name=":0" />

Common primary cancers in metastatic spinal tumors includes breast, prostate, lung, and kidney cancer.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="Hamamoto" /> It is important to diagnose and promptly treat metastatic tumors as they can lead to long-term neurologic deficit from epidural [[spinal cord compression]].<ref name=":0" /> Primary extradural tumors are rare and most arise from surrounding bony and soft tissue structures, including [[Ewing's sarcoma]], [[osteosarcoma]], and vertebral [[hemangioblastoma]]s.<ref name=":0" />