Editing Stored-program computer (section)

=== The first stored-program computers ===
Several computers could be considered the first stored-program computer, depending on the criteria.<ref name="Reilly2003" />
* [[IBM SSEC]], was designed in late 1944 and became operational in January 1948 but was [[electromechanical]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Emerson W. Pugh|author2=Lyle R. Johnson|author3=John H. Palmer|title=''IBM's 360 and Early 370 Systems''|url=https://archive.org/details/ibms360early370s0000pugh|url-access=registration|date=1991|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-51720-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/ibms360early370s0000pugh/page/15 15]}}</ref>
* In April 1948, modifications were completed to [[ENIAC]] to function as a stored-program computer, with the program stored by setting dials in its function tables, which could store 3,600 decimal digits for instructions. It ran its first stored program on 12 April 1948 and its first production program on 17 April<ref>{{cite book|author1=Thomas Haigh|author2=Mark Priestley|author3=Crispen Rope
|title=ENIAC in Action:Making and Remaking the Modern Computer
|year=2016
|publisher=MIT Press
|isbn=978-0-262-03398-5
|pages=153, 157, 164, 174, 194}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Haigh |first=Thomas |url=https://eniacinaction.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/EngineeringtheMiracleoftheENIAC-Published.pdf |title=Engineering "The Miracle of the ENIAC": Implementing the Modern Code Paradigm |year=2014 |language=en}}</ref> This claim is disputed by some computer historians.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gh8SEAAAQBAJ&dq=ENIAC+Stored+Program&pg=PA987 | title=Milestones in Analog and Digital Computing | isbn=9783030409746 | last1=Bruderer | first1=Herbert | date=4 January 2021 | publisher=Springer }}</ref>
* [[APEXC|ARC2]], a relay machine developed by [[Andrew Donald Booth|Andrew Booth]] and [[Kathleen Booth]] at [[Birkbeck, University of London]], officially came online on 12 May 1948.<ref name="birkbeck">{{cite journal|last1=Campbell-Kelly|first1=Martin|title=The Development of Computer Programming in Britain (1945 to 1955)|journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing|date=April 1982|volume=4|issue=2|pages=121–139|doi=10.1109/MAHC.1982.10016|s2cid=14861159}}</ref> It featured the first [[drum memory|rotating drum storage device]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Lavington|editor1-first=Simon|title=Alan Turing and his Contemporaries: Building the World's First Computers|date=2012|publisher=British Computer Society|location=London|isbn=9781906124908|page=61}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Johnson|first1=Roger|title=School of Computer Science & Information Systems: A Short History|url=http://www.dcs.bbk.ac.uk/site/assets/files/1029/50yearsofcomputing.pdf|website=Birkbeck College|publisher=University of London|access-date=23 July 2017|date=April 2008}}</ref>
* [[Manchester Baby]], a developmental, fully electronic computer that successfully ran a stored program on 21 June 1948. It was subsequently developed into the [[Manchester Mark 1]], which ran its first program in early April 1949.
* [[Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator]], EDSAC, which ran its first programs on 6 May 1949, and became a full-scale operational computer that served a user community beyond its developers.
* [[EDVAC]], conceived in June 1945 in ''[[First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC]]'', but not delivered until August 1949. It began actual operation (on a limited basis) in 1951.
* [[BINAC]], delivered to a customer on 22 August 1949. It worked at the factory but there is disagreement about whether or not it worked satisfactorily after being delivered. If it had been finished at the projected time, it would have been the first stored-program computer in the world. It was the first stored-program computer in the U.S.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hally |first=Mike |title=Electronic Brains |date=2005 |pages=40–41 |isbn=978-1862076631 |publisher=[[Granta]] |edition=First}}</ref>
* In 1951, the [[Ferranti Mark 1]], a cleaned-up version of the Manchester Mark 1, became the first commercially available electronic digital computer.
* The [[Bull Gamma 3]] (1952) and [[IBM 650]] (1953) were the first mass produced commercial computers, respectively selling about 1200 and 2000 units.
* [[Manchester University Transistor Computer]], is generally regarded as the first transistor-based stored-program computer having become operational in November 1953.<ref name="fransman">{{cite journal |first1=T |last1=Kilburn |author-link1=Tom Kilburn |first2=R L |last2=Grimsdale |author-link2=Richard Grimsdale |first3=D C |last3=Webb |title=A transistor digital computer with a magnetic drum store |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |journal=Proceedings of the IEE - Part B: Radio and Electronic Engineering |volume=103 |issue=35 |date=April 1956 |pages=390–406 |doi=10.1049/pi-b-1.1956.0079 |issn=2054-0434}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=R L |last=Grimsdale |author-link=Richard Grimsdale |url=https://www.computerconservationsociety.org/resurrection/res13.htm#c |title=The Transition from Valves to Computers |journal=Resurrection |issue=13 |date=Autumn 1995 |publisher=Computer Conservation Society |issn=0958-7403}}</ref>