Editing Strong interaction (section)

=== Within hadrons ===
[[File:Gluon coupling.svg|thumb|right|400px|The fundamental [[coupling (physics)|couplings]] of the strong interaction, from left to right: (a) gluon radiation, (b) gluon splitting and (c,d) gluon self-coupling.]]
The word ''strong'' is used since the strong interaction is the "strongest" of the four fundamental forces. At a distance of 10<sup>−15</sup>&nbsp;m, its strength is around 100&nbsp;times that of the [[electromagnetic force]], some 10<sup>6</sup>&nbsp;times as great as that of the weak force, and about 10<sup>38</sup>&nbsp;times that of [[gravitation]].

The strong force is described by [[quantum chromodynamics]] (QCD), a part of the [[Standard Model]] of particle physics. Mathematically, QCD is a non-abelian [[gauge theory]] based on a local (gauge) [[symmetry group]] called [[SU(3)]].

The force carrier particle of the strong interaction is the gluon, a massless [[gauge boson]]. Gluons are thought to interact with quarks and other gluons by way of a type of charge called [[color charge]]. Color charge is analogous to electromagnetic charge, but it comes in three types (±red, ±green, and ±blue) rather than one, which results in different rules of behavior. These rules are described by [[quantum chromodynamics]] (QCD), the theory of quark–gluon interactions.
Unlike the [[photon]] in electromagnetism, which is neutral, the gluon carries a color charge. Quarks and gluons are the only fundamental particles that carry non-vanishing color charge, and hence they participate in strong interactions only with each other. The strong force is the expression of the gluon interaction with other quark and gluon particles.

All quarks and gluons in QCD interact with each other through the strong force. The strength of interaction is parameterized by the strong [[coupling constant]]. This strength is modified by the gauge color charge of the particle, a [[Group theory|group-theoretical]] property.

The strong force acts between quarks. Unlike all other forces (electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational), the strong force does not diminish in strength with increasing distance between pairs of quarks. After a limiting distance (about the size of a [[hadron]]) has been reached, it remains at a strength of about {{val|10000|ul=N}}, no matter how much farther the distance between the quarks.<ref name=Fritzsch1983/>{{rp|164}}  As the separation between the quarks grows, the energy added to the pair creates new pairs of matching quarks between the original two; hence it is impossible to isolate quarks. The explanation is that the amount of work done against a force of {{val|10000|u=N}} is enough to create particle–antiparticle pairs within a very short distance. The energy added to the system by pulling two quarks apart would create a pair of new quarks that will pair up with the original ones. In QCD, this phenomenon is called [[color confinement]]; as a result, only hadrons, not individual free quarks, can be observed. The failure of all experiments that have searched for [[free quark]]s is considered to be evidence of this phenomenon.

The elementary quark and gluon particles involved in a high energy collision are not directly observable. The interaction produces jets of newly created hadrons that are observable. Those hadrons are created, as a manifestation of mass–energy equivalence, when sufficient energy is deposited into a quark–quark bond, as when a quark in one proton is struck by a very fast quark of another impacting proton during a [[particle accelerator]] experiment. However, [[quark–gluon plasma]]s have been observed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://physics.about.com/od/physicsqtot/fl/Quark-Gluon-Plasma.htm |title=Quark–gluon plasma is the most primordial state of matter |newspaper=About.com Education |access-date=2017-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118030724/http://physics.about.com/od/physicsqtot/fl/Quark-Gluon-Plasma.htm |archive-date=2017-01-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref>