Editing Structuration theory (section)

=== Duality of structure ===
Giddens observed that in social analysis, the term ''structure'' referred generally to "rules and resources" and more specifically to "the structuring properties allowing the 'binding' of time-space in social systems". These properties make it possible for similar social practices to exist across time and space and that lend them "systemic" form.<ref name="The constitution of society" />{{rp|17}} Agents—groups or individuals—draw upon these structures to perform social actions through embedded memory, called ''memory traces''. Memory traces are thus the vehicle<!-- need a word here that is not metaphorical. I thought maybe "means" but later "modality" gets that definition. --> through which social actions are carried out. Structure is also, however, the result of these social practices. Thus, Giddens conceives of the ''duality of structure'' as being:
{{Blockquote|...the essential recursiveness of social life, as constituted in social practices: structure is both medium and outcome of reproduction of practices. Structure enters simultaneously into the constitution of the agent and social practices, and 'exists' in the generating moments of this constitution.<ref name="Central problems">Giddens, A. (1979). ''Central problems in social theory: Action, structure, and contradiction in social analysis.'' Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.</ref>{{rp|5}}}}

Giddens uses "the duality of structure" (i.e. material/ideational, micro/macro) to emphasize structure's nature as both medium and outcome. Structures exist both internally within agents as memory traces that are the product of phenomenological and hermeneutic inheritance<ref name="Structuration theory" />{{rp|27}} and externally as the manifestation of social actions. Similarly, social structures contain agents and/or are the product of past actions of agents. Giddens holds this duality, alongside "structure" and "system," in addition to the concept of recursiveness, as the core of structuration theory.<ref name="The constitution of society" />{{rp|17}} His theory has been adopted by those with [[structuralism (sociology)|structuralist]] inclinations, but who wish to situate such structures in human practice rather than to [[Reification (knowledge representation)|reify]] them as an [[ideal type]] or material property. (This is different, for example, from [[actor–network theory]] which appears to grant a certain autonomy to technical artifacts.)

Social systems have patterns of social relation that change over time; the changing nature of space and time determines the interaction of social relations and therefore structure.<!-- huh? changing nature of s&t? --> Hitherto, social structures or models were either taken to be beyond the realm of human control—the [[positivistic]] approach—or posit that action creates them—the [[Interpretivism (social science)|interpretivist]] approach. The duality of structure emphasizes that they are different sides to the same central question of how social order is created.

[[Gregor McLennan]] suggested renaming this process "the duality of structure {{em|and agency}}", since both aspects are involved in using and producing social actions.<ref name="Critical assessments">McLennan, G. (1997/2000/2001). Critical or positive theory? A comment on the status of Anthony Giddens' social theory. In C.G.A. Bryant & D. Jary (Eds.), ''Anthony Giddens: Critical assessments'' (pp. 318-327). New York, NY: Routledge.</ref>{{rp|322}}