Editing Student affairs (section)

=== Canada ===
Student affairs in Canadian higher education dates back to the vocational school established at the Collège des Jésuites<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/college-des-jesuites|title=Collège des Jésuites {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia|website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref> in seventeenth century. Additional development of Canadian student services has many similarities with authoritarian teaching in terms of monitoring and controlling students behaviour on campus that was common in [[History of education in the United States|United States]] in nineteenth century.  The protest that occurred at [[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]] in 1875,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.queensu.ca/encyclopedia/s/student-strikes|title=Student Strikes {{!}} Queen's Encyclopedia|website=www.queensu.ca|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref> when Principal William Snodgrass<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.queensu.ca/encyclopedia/s/snodgrass-rev-william|title=Snodgrass, Rev William {{!}} Queen's Encyclopedia|website=www.queensu.ca|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref> suspended several students for drinking, indicated a need for closer observation for students' conduct. After the Principal Snodgrass sent a report to the Senate,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.queensu.ca/encyclopedia/s/senate|title=Senate {{!}} Queen's Encyclopedia|website=www.queensu.ca|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref> two students were suspended.  They were allowed to attend the class, but could not [[Graduate Record Examinations|graduate]]. Their friends appealed against the suspension, and refused to go to the class. Since the Senate rejected their request, all students returned to their class in a week. In order to prevent further misbehaviour, staff representatives started to be more engaged in students life organizing social, cultural and physical activities.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Cox and Strange|first=Donna Hardy and C. Carney|title=Achieving Student Success: Effective Student Services in Canadian Higher Education|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-7735-3621-0|pages=146|jstor=j.ctt80bhj}}</ref>
[[File:Theological Hall of Queen's University, Kingston.jpg|thumb|Theological Hall on Queen's Campus in Kingston (Canada)]]
Several decades later, the Queen's Rev Principal Robert Bruce Taylor<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.queensu.ca/encyclopedia/t/taylor-rev-robert-bruce|title=Taylor, Rev Robert Bruce {{!}} Queen's Encyclopedia|website=www.queensu.ca|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref> emphasized importance of students representatives role by including [[Dean (education)|deans of men]] and women<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.queensu.ca/encyclopedia/d/dean-women|title=Dean of Women {{!}} Queen's Encyclopedia|website=www.queensu.ca|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref> to be elected and responsible for cooperation with administration, student events and regulations.  They used to live on several campuses to supervise visitors, off-campus housing, dress code, etc.<ref name=":5" /> The first Dean of Women Caroline McNeil<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.queensu.ca/encyclopedia/m/mcneill-caroline-emmy-libby|title=McNeill, Caroline Emmy Libby {{!}} Queen's Encyclopedia|website=www.queensu.ca|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref> started at Queen's in 1918 and soon, the other Canadian universities appointed dean of men and women on their campuses.<ref name=":5" />

After the [[World War II|Second World War]] the professionalization of student affairs expanded by supporting soldiers who received tuition and living assistance based on Veterans Rehabilitation Act<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/veterans-and-the-second-world-war|title=Second World War Veterans {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia|website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref> in 1945. Within the educational system, veterans<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng|title=Home - Veterans Affairs Canada|last=Canada|first=Veterans Affairs|date=2019-02-20|website=www.veterans.gc.ca|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref> received personal support and career counselling, but the other students were put on a side.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|title=Achieving student success: effective student services in Canadian higher education|date=2010|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|author1=Cox, Donna | author2=Gail Hardy | author3=Strange, Charles Carney| isbn=978-0-7735-7572-1|location=Montreal [Que.]|oclc=708579655}}</ref>  While in the last seven decades Canadian student affairs has developed to support all students in financial need, career services, housing, residence life and academic advising, it was also reorganized frequently, e.g.:<ref name=":03" />

* Canadian Association of Career Educators & Employers (CACEE) in 1995; previous University Advisory Services (UAS) in 1946; University Counselling and Placement Association (UCPA) in 1952<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cacee.com/history.html|title=CACEE - History|website=www.cacee.com|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref>
*Canadian Association of College and University Student Services (CACUSS) in 1971; previous Association of University Student Personnel Services (CAUSPS-1) in 1953; Council of Associations of University Student Personnel Services (CAUSPS-2) in 1961<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cacuss.ca/about.html|title=About Us|website=www.cacuss.ca|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref>

Today, CACUSS<ref name=":7" /> arranges conferences, develops network and discussion within postsecondary community, publish a national magazine Communiqué<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cacuss.ca/Communique.html|title=Communiqué|website=www.cacuss.ca|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref> and remains the leader of Canadian student affairs professionals. The CACUSS has included variety of organizations that recognize the specific needs of all provinces including Indigenous students, students with disabilities, financial aid, academic integrity and judicial affairs, international students, etc.<ref name=":03" />

Student affairs are also impacted by governance and decision making efforts in the form of [[students' union]]s at post-secondary educational institutions. In most provinces, students' unions are recognized as mandatory through legislation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 20, 2020|title=Act respecting the accreditation and financing of students' associations|url=http://legisquebec.gouv.qc.ca/en/showdoc/cs/A-3.01|access-date=March 7, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=February 24, 2021|title=University Act [RSBC 1996] CHAPTER 468|url=https://www.bclaws.gov.bc.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/96468_01|access-date=March 7, 2021}}</ref><ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=December 9, 2020|title=Post-Secondary Learning Act|url=https://www.qp.alberta.ca/documents/acts/p19p5.pdf|access-date=March 7, 2021}}</ref> In Ontario, these entities are formally recognized under Bill 184 2011<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=College and University Student Associations Act, 2011|url=https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/bills/parliament-39/session-2/bill-184|website=Legislative Assembly of Ontario|language=en|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref> which acknowledges the autonomy of student associations in order to foster governance, accountability, and collaboration between student associations and post-secondary educational institutions, as well as addressing issues related to fee collection and remittance between these two parties. The impact that student associations can have on student affairs issues is exemplified by challenges to the [[Student Choice Initiative]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Government for the People to Lower Student Tuition Burden by 10 per cent|url=https://news.ontario.ca/maesd/en/2019/01/government-for-the-people-to-lower-student-tuition-burden-by-10-per-cent.html|website=news.ontario.ca|language=en|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref> where the [[Canadian Federation of Students]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Canadian Federation of Students|url=https://cfs-fcee.ca/|website=Canadian Federation of Students {{!}} Fédération canadienne des étudiantes et étudiants|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref> and the [[York Federation of Students]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=We the Students|url=http://www.yfs.ca/wethestudents|website=York Federation of Students|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref> challenged an initiative launched by the Ontario Ministry of Training, Colleges & Universities. This particular initiative was aimed at providing students with the ability to opt-out of various supplementary fees during their enrolment process and also to provide them with a transparent itemization of their tuition and supplementary fees.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Student Choice Initiative|url=https://studentchoiceinitiative.yorku.ca/}}</ref> The opposition by the Canadian Federation of Students and the York Federation of Students ultimately led to the successful overturning of the Student Choice Initiative, by the Divisional Court of Ontario.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cfsontario.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Cdn-Fed-Students-v-Ontario-20191121.pdf|title=Order by Divisional Court of Ontario}}</ref> This event is noteworthy with respect to student affairs, because it demonstrates the impact that student associations can have on downstream funding necessary for delivering student services.

Canadian student affairs continues to develop and prepare professionals by recognizing demands of growing [[Internationalization of higher education|internationalization]], diversity and sustainability in higher education. The specialization and further expansion is identified to focus on students' mental health,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ontariosuniversities.ca/issues-priorities/student-supports|title=Mental Health|website=Ontario's Universities|date=10 November 2017 |language=en|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref> experiential learning,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.univcan.ca/media-room/publications/study-on-experiential-learning-and-pathways-to-employment-for-canadian-youth/|title=Study on experiential learning and pathways to employment for Canadian youth|website=Universities Canada|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref> academic integrity<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.universityaffairs.ca/career-advice/responsibilities-may-include/slowing-the-momentum-of-academic-misconduct/|title=Slowing the momentum of academic misconduct|website=University Affairs|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref> and equity, diversity and inclusion<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.univcan.ca/priorities/equity-diversity-inclusion/|title=Equity, diversity and inclusion|website=Universities Canada|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-16}}</ref> to enhance their learning achievement and wellbeing.<ref name=":03" />