Editing Subjunctive mood (section)

===Germanic languages===
In the [[Germanic languages]], subjunctives are also usually formed from old [[optative mood|optatives]] (a mood that indicates a wish or hope), with the present subjunctive marked with *''-ai-'' and the past with *''-ī-''. In [[German language|German]], these forms have been reduced to a [[schwa]], spelled ''-e''. The past tense, however, often displays i-[[Germanic umlaut|umlaut]]. In [[Old Norse]], both suffixes evolved into ''-i-'', but i-umlaut occurs in the past subjunctive, which distinguishes them.<ref>''An Icelandic-English Dictionary'', Cleasby-Vigfússon, Outlines of Grammar; [http://www.northvegr.org/vigfusson/xxv.php Gen. Remarks on the Strong & Irreg. Verbs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212013045/http://www.northvegr.org/vigfusson/xxv.php |date=2007-12-12 }}; Note γ</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Old Norse active [[inflection#Inflectional paradigm|paradigm]] (set of rules)<br> for the verb {{wikt-lang|non|grafa}} (“to dig”)
!
! colspan="2" |Present
! colspan="2" |Past
|-
! Person
![[Indicative]]
! Subjunctive
!Indicative
!Subjunctive
|-
! 1st singular
|{{lang|non|gref}}
|{{lang|non|grafa}}
|{{lang|non|gróf}}
|{{lang|non|grœfa}}
|-
! 2nd singular
|{{lang|non|grefr}}
|{{lang|non|grafir}}
|{{lang|non|gróft}}
|{{lang|non|grœfir}}
|-
! 3rd singular
|{{lang|non|grefr}}
|{{lang|non|grafi}}
|{{lang|non|gróf}}
|{{lang|non|grœfi}}
|-
! 1st plural
|{{lang|non|grǫfum}}
|{{lang|non|grafim}}
|{{lang|non|grófum}}
|{{lang|non|grœfim}}
|-
! 2nd plural
|{{lang|non|grafið}}
|{{lang|non|grafið}}
|{{lang|non|grófuð}}
|{{lang|non|grœfið}}
|-
! 3rd plural
|{{lang|non|grafa}}
|{{lang|non|grafi}}
|{{lang|non|grófu}}
|{{lang|non|grœfi}}
|}

====English====
{{Main|English subjunctive}}

In [[Modern English]], the subjunctive is realised as a [[finite verb|finite]] but tenseless [[clause]] where the main verb occurs in the bare form. Since the bare form is also used in a variety of other constructions, the English subjunctive is reflected by a clause type rather than a distinct inflection.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Huddleston |first1=Rodney |last2=Pullum |first2=Geoff |date=2002 |title=The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521431460}}</ref>

====German====
German has:

* Konjunktiv Präsens, which is a Konjunktiv I, e.g. "er gehe"
* Konjunktiv Imperfekt (''or'' Präteritum), which is a Konjunktiv II, e.g. "er ginge"
* Konjunktiv Perfekt, which is a Konjunktiv I too, e.g. "er sei gegangen"
* Konjunktiv Plusquamperfekt, which is a Konjunktiv II too, e.g. "er wäre gegangen"

If the Konjunktiv II of the Futur I (e.g. "ich würde gehen") and of the Futur II (e.g. "ich würde gegangen sein") are called "conditional", the numbers (I, II) can be dropped.

====={{lang|de|Konjunktiv I}}=====
The present subjunctive occurs in certain expressions (e.g. {{lang|de|Es lebe der König!}} "Long live the king!") and in indirect (reported) speech. Its use can frequently be replaced by the indicative mood. For example, {{lang|de|Er sagte, er sei Arzt}} ('He said he was a physician') is a neutral representation of what was said and makes no claim as to whether the speaker thinks the reported statement is true or not.

The past subjunctive can often be used to express the same sentiments: {{lang|de|Er sagte, er wäre Arzt.}} Or, for example, instead of the formal, written {{lang|de|Er sagte, er habe keine Zeit}} 'He said he had no time' with present subjunctive {{lang|de|habe}}, one can use past subjunctive {{lang|de|hätte}}: {{lang|de|Er sagte, er '''hätte''' keine Zeit.}}

In speech, however, the past subjunctive is common without any implication that the speaker doubts the speech he is reporting. As common is use of the indicative {{lang|de|Er sagte, er ist Arzt}} and {{lang|de|Er sagte, er hat keine Zeit.}} This is often changed in written reports to the forms using present subjunctive.

The present subjunctive is regular for all verbs except the verb {{lang|de|sein}} ("to be"). It is formed by adding {{lang|de|-e, -est, -e, -en, -et, -en}} to the stem of the infinitive. The verb {{lang|de|sein}} has the stem {{lang|de|sei-}} for the present subjunctive declension, but it has no ending for the first and third person singular. While the use of present subjunctive for reported speech is formal and common in newspaper articles, its use in colloquial speech is in continual decline.

It is possible to express the subjunctive in various tenses, including the perfect ({{lang|de|er sei da gewesen}} 'he has [apparently] been there') and the future ({{lang|de|er werde da sein}} 'he will be there'). For the preterite, which forms the Konjunktiv II with a somewhat other meaning, indirect speech has to switch to the perfect tense, so that: {{lang|de|Er sagte: "Ich war da."}} becomes {{lang|de|Er sagte, er sei da gewesen.}}

====={{lang|de|Konjunktiv II}}=====
The ''KII'',  or past subjunctive, is used to form the conditional and, on occasion, as a replacement for the present subjunctive when both indicative and subjunctive moods of a particular verb are indistinguishable.

Every German verb has a past subjunctive conjugation, but in spoken German, the conditional is most commonly formed using {{lang|de|würde}} (Konjunktiv II form of {{lang|de|werden}} which in here is related to the English {{lang|de|will}} or {{lang|de|would}} rather than the literal {{lang|de|to become}}; dialect: {{lang|de|täte}}, KII of {{lang|de|tun}} 'to do') with an infinitive. For example: {{lang|de|An deiner Stelle würde ich ihm nicht helfen}} 'I would not help him if I were you'. In the example, the Konjunktiv II form of {{lang|de|helfen}} (hülfe) is very unusual. However, using 'würde' instead of {{lang|de|hätte}} (past subjunctive declension of {{lang|de|haben}} 'to have') and {{lang|de|wäre}} (past subjunctive declension of {{lang|de|sein}} 'to be') can be perceived anywhere from awkward (in-the-present use of the past subjunctive) to incorrect (in the past subjunctive). There is a tendency to use the forms in {{lang|de|würde}} rather in main clauses as in English; in subclauses even regular forms (which sound like the indicative of the preterite and are, thus, obsolete in any other circumstances) can still be heard.

Some verbs exist for which either construction can be used, such as with {{lang|de|finden}} ({{lang|de|fände}}) and {{lang|de|tun}} ({{lang|de|täte}}). Many dictionaries consider the past subjunctive declension of such verbs the only proper expression in formal written German.

The past subjunctive is declined from the stem of the [[preterite]] (imperfect) declension of the verb with the appropriate present subjunctive declension ending as appropriate. In most cases, an {{lang|de|[[Germanic umlaut|umlaut]]}} is appended to the stem vowel if possible (i.e. if it is {{lang|de|a}}, {{lang|de|o}}, {{lang|de|u}} or {{lang|de|au}}), for example: {{lang|de|ich war → ich wäre, ich brachte → ich brächte}}.

{{See also| German grammar}}

====Dutch====
{{Main|Subjunctive in Dutch}}
[[Dutch language|Dutch]] has the same subjunctive tenses as German (described above), though they are rare in contemporary speech. The same two tenses as in German are sometimes considered a subjunctive mood ({{lang|nl|aanvoegende wijs}}) and sometimes [[conditional mood]] ({{lang|nl|voorwaardelijke wijs}}). In practice, potential subjunctive uses of verbs are difficult to differentiate from indicative uses. This is partly because the subjunctive mood has fallen together with the indicative mood:

* The plural of the subjunctive (both present and past) is always identical to the plural of the indicative. There are a few exceptions where the usage is clearly subjunctive, like: {{lang|nl|Mogen zij in vrede rusten}} (May they rest in peace); compare to singular: {{lang|nl|Moge hij/zij in vrede rusten}} (May he/she rest in peace).
* In the present tense, the singular form of the subjunctive differs from the indicative, having an extra ''-e''. E.g., the subjunctive {{lang|nl|God '''zegene''' je, mijn kind}} (May God bless you, my child) differs from the indicative {{lang|nl|God '''zegent''' je, mijn kind}} (God blesses you, my child.)
* In the past tense, the singular form of the subjunctive of weak verbs (the vast majority of verbs) does not differ from the indicative at all, so that for those verbs there is no difference between indicative and subjunctive whatsoever in the past tense. Only for strong verbs, the [[preterite-present verb]]s and some irregular weak verbs does the past subjunctive differ from the past indicative, and only in the singular form. E.g., the subjunctive {{lang|nl|hadde}}, {{lang|nl|ware}} and {{lang|nl|mochte}} differ from the indicative "had", "was" and {{lang|nl|mocht}} ("had", "was" and "could").

Archaic and traditional phrases still contain the subjunctive mood:
* {{lang|nl|Men neme ...}} ("Take ..." - literally "one take  ..." - as found in recipes)
* {{lang|nl|Uw naam worde geheiligd}} ("Thy name be hallowed" - from the [[Lord's Prayer]])
* {{lang|nl|Geheiligd zij Uw naam}} ("Hallowed be thy name" - from the Lord's Prayer, as used in Belgium until 2016)
* {{lang|nl|Zo waarlijk helpe mij God almachtig}} ("So truly help me God almighty" - when swearing an oath)
* {{lang|nl|Godverdomme}} (now a common Dutch curse; originally a request to God to curse something)
* {{lang|nl|God zij dank}} ("Thanks be to God")
* {{lang|nl|Dankzij ...}} ("Thanks to ..." - literally "Thank be ...")
* {{lang|nl|Leve de koning}} ("Long live the king")

====Luxembourgish====
[[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]] has the same subjunctive tenses as German (described above). For the periphrasis however, {{lang|lb|géif}} is used instead of {{lang|lb|würde}} or (dialectal) {{lang|lb|täte}}.

====Swedish====
{{excerpt|Swedish grammar|Subjunctive mood}}