Editing Supercomputer (section)

== Special purpose supercomputers ==
A number of special-purpose systems have been designed, dedicated to a single problem. This allows the use of specially programmed [[Field-programmable gate array|FPGA]] chips or even custom [[application-specific integrated circuit|ASICs]], allowing better price/performance ratios by sacrificing generality. Examples of special-purpose supercomputers include [[Belle (chess machine)|Belle]],<ref>Condon, J.H. and K.Thompson, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080268989500073 Belle Chess Hardware]", In ''Advances in Computer Chess 3'' (ed.M.R.B.Clarke), Pergamon Press, 1982.</ref> [[Deep Blue (chess computer)|Deep Blue]],<ref>{{Cite book
|last=Hsu|first=Feng-hsiung|author-link=Feng-hsiung Hsu
|year=2002
|title=Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer that Defeated the World Chess Champion
|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]
|isbn=978-0-691-09065-8}}</ref> and [[Hydra (chess)|Hydra]]<ref>C. Donninger, U. Lorenz. [https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-30117-2_101 The Chess Monster Hydra.] Proc. of 14th International Conference on Field-Programmable Logic and Applications (FPL), 2004, Antwerp – Belgium, LNCS 3203, pp.&nbsp;927 – 932</ref> for playing [[chess]], [[Gravity Pipe]] for astrophysics,<ref>J Makino and M. Taiji, ''Scientific Simulations with Special Purpose Computers: The GRAPE Systems'', Wiley. 1998.</ref> [[MDGRAPE-3]] for protein structure prediction and molecular dynamics,<ref>RIKEN press release, ''[http://www.riken.jp/engn/r-world/info/release/press/2006/060619/index.html Completion of a one-petaFLOPS computer system for simulation of molecular dynamics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202053547/http://www.riken.jp/engn/r-world/info/release/press/2006/060619/index.html |date=2 December 2012 }}''</ref> and [[Deep Crack]] for breaking the [[Data Encryption Standard|DES]] [[cipher]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Electronic Frontier Foundation|url=https://archive.org/details/crackingdes00elec|title=Cracking DES – Secrets of Encryption Research, Wiretap Politics & Chip Design|publisher=Oreilly & Associates Inc|year=1998|isbn=978-1-56592-520-5}}</ref>