Editing Supernova (section)

===Early discoveries===
The earliest record of a possible supernova, known as HB9, was likely viewed by an unknown prehistoric people of the [[Indian subcontinent]] and recorded on a rock carving in the [[Burzahom archaeological site|Burzahama]] region of [[Kashmir]], dated to {{val|4500|1000|ul=BC}}.<ref name="Joglekar">{{cite journal |last1=Joglekar |first1=H. |last2=Vahia |first2=M. N. |last3=Sule |first3=A. |date=2011 |title=Oldest sky-chart with Supernova record (in Kashmir) |url=http://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Prehistoric%20astronomy/Oldest%20Supernova%20record%20in%20Kashmir.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Purātattva: Journal of the Indian Archaeological Society |issue=41 |pages=207–211 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510190932/http://www.tifr.res.in/~archaeo/papers/Prehistoric%20astronomy/Oldest%20Supernova%20record%20in%20Kashmir.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2019 |access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref> Later, [[SN 185]] was documented by [[Chinese astronomy|Chinese astronomers]] in 185 AD. The brightest recorded supernova was [[SN 1006]], which was observed in AD 1006 in the constellation of [[Lupus (constellation)|Lupus]]. This event was described by observers in China, Japan, Iraq, Egypt and Europe.<ref name="Murdin">
{{cite book |last1=Murdin |first1=Paul |url=https://archive.org/details/supernovae00murd |title=Supernovae |last2=Murdin |first2=Lesley |date=1985 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0521300384 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/supernovae00murd/page/14 14]–16 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Robert Jr. |title=The Celestial handbook |title-link=Celestial handbook |publisher=Dover |year=1978 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/burnhamscelestia02burn/page/1117 1117–1122] |author-link=Robert Burnham Jr.}}</ref><ref name="winkler">
{{cite journal |last1=Winkler |first1=P. F. |last2=Gupta |first2=G. |last3=Long |first3=K. S. |year=2003 |title=The SN 1006 Remnant: Optical Proper Motions, Deep Imaging, Distance, and Brightness at Maximum |journal=[[Astrophysical Journal]] |volume=585 |issue=1 |pages=324–335 |arxiv=astro-ph/0208415 |bibcode=2003ApJ...585..324W |doi=10.1086/345985 |s2cid=1626564}}</ref> The widely observed supernova [[SN 1054]] produced the [[Crab Nebula]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book|url=https://openstax.org/books/astronomy-2e/pages/23-3-supernova-observations |title=Astronomy 2e |last=Fraknoi |first=Andrew |display-authors=etal |publisher=OpenStax |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-951-69350-3 |page=767}}</ref>

Supernovae [[SN 1572]] and [[SN 1604]], the latest Milky Way supernovae to be observed with the naked eye, had a notable influence on the development of astronomy in [[Europe]] because they were used to argue against the [[Aristotle|Aristotelian]] idea that the universe beyond the Moon and planets was static and unchanging.<ref>
{{cite conference |last1=Clark |first1=D. H. |last2=Stephenson |first2=F. R. |date=1982 |title=The Historical Supernovae |location=Dordrecht |publisher=[[D. Reidel]] |pages=355–370 |bibcode=1982ASIC...90..355C |book-title=Supernovae: A survey of current research; Proceedings of the Advanced Study Institute, Cambridge, England, 29 June – 10 July 1981}}</ref> [[Johannes Kepler]] began observing SN 1604 at its peak on 17 October 1604, and continued to make estimates of its brightness until it faded from naked eye view a year later.<ref name="kepler">
{{cite journal |last1=Baade |first1=W. |year=1943 |title=No. 675. Nova Ophiuchi of 1604 as a supernova |journal=Contributions from the Mount Wilson Observatory / Carnegie Institution of Washington |volume=675 |pages=1–9 |bibcode=1943CMWCI.675....1B}}</ref> It was the second supernova to be observed in a generation, after [[Tycho Brahe]] observed SN 1572 in [[Cassiopeia A|Cassiopeia]].<ref name="history">{{cite book |last1=Motz |first1=L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sj4qswEACAAJ&q=the+story+of+astronomy+motz |title=The Story of Astronomy |last2=Weaver |first2=J. H. |date=2001 |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |isbn=978-0-7382-0586-1 |page=76 }}</ref>

There is some evidence that the youngest known supernova in our galaxy, [[G1.9+0.3]], occurred in the late 19th century, considerably more recently than [[Cassiopeia A]] from around 1680.<ref name="chakraborti">
{{cite journal |last1=Chakraborti |first1=S. |last2=Childs |first2=F. |last3=Soderberg |first3=A. |author3-link= Alicia M. Soderberg |date=25 February 2016 |title=Young Remnants of type Ia Supernovae and Their Progenitors: A Study Of SNR G1.9+0.3 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=819 |issue=1 |page=37 |arxiv=1510.08851 |bibcode=2016ApJ...819...37C |doi=10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/37 |s2cid=119246128 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Neither was noted at the time. In the case of G1.9+0.3, high [[Extinction (astronomy)|extinction]] from dust along the plane of the galactic disk could have dimmed the event sufficiently for it to go unnoticed. The situation for Cassiopeia A is less clear; infrared [[light echo]]es have been detected showing that it was not in a region of especially high extinction.<ref name="krause">
{{cite journal |last=Krause |first=O. |date=2008 |title=The Cassiopeia A Supernova was of type IIb |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=320 |issue=5880 |pages=1195–1197 |arxiv=0805.4557 |bibcode=2008Sci...320.1195K |doi=10.1126/science.1155788 |pmid=18511684 |s2cid=40884513}}</ref>
{{multiple image
 |align=right
 |direction=vertical
 |width=200
 |image1=Crab Nebula.jpg
 |alt1=
 |caption1=The [[Crab Nebula]] is a [[pulsar wind nebula]] associated with the [[1054 supernova]].
 |image2=Chinese report of guest star identified as the supernova of 1054 (SN 1054) in the Lidai mingchen zouyi (历代名臣奏议).jpg
 |alt2=
 |caption2=A 1414 text cites a 1055 report: since "the baleful star appeared, a full year has passed and until now its brilliance has not faded".<ref>{{cite journal |bibcode=2006JAHH....9...77P |title=Notes on translations of the East Asian records relating to the supernova of AD 1054 |last1=Pankenier |first1=David W. |journal=Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage |year=2006 |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=77 |doi=10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2006.01.06 |s2cid=54914821 }}</ref>
}}

{| class="wikitable float-right"
|+ Historical supernovae in the Local Group
|-
!year
!observed in
! style="width:6em" |maximum apparent brightness
!certainty<ref>{{cite web | title=SNRcat – High Energy Observations of Galactic Supernova Remnants | publisher=University of Manitoba | url=http://snrcat.physics.umanitoba.ca/ | access-date=16 October 2020 }}</ref> of the<br/>SN's identification
|-
| style="text-align:right" |[[SN 185|185]]
|constellation of [[Centaurus]]
| style="text-align:center" |−6'''<sup>[[Apparent magnitude|m]]</sup>'''
|possible SN, but may be a comet<ref>{{cite journal | first1=Y.-N. | last1=Chin | first2=Y.-L. | last2=Huang | journal=Nature | title=Identification of the guest star of AD 185 as a comet rather than a supernova | volume=371 | issue=6496 | pages=398–399 | issn=0028-0836 | date=September 1994 | language=de | doi=10.1038/371398a0 | bibcode=1994Natur.371..398C | s2cid=4240119 | url=http://www.nature.com/articles/371398a0 | access-date=8 November 2021
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | first1=Fu-Yuan | last1=Zhao | first2=R. G. | last2=Strom | first3=Shi-Yang | last3=Jiang | periodical=Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics | title=The Guest Star of AD185 must have been a Supernova | volume=6 | issue=5 | pages=635–640 | issn=1009-9271 | date=October 2006 | language=de | doi=10.1088/1009-9271/6/5/17 | bibcode=2006ChJAA...6..635Z | doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:right" |[[SN 386|386]]
|constellation of [[Sagittarius (constellation)|Sagittarius]]
| style="text-align:center" | +1.5'''<sup>m</sup>'''<ref>{{cite book | first=Patrick | last=Moore | title=The Data Book of Astronomy | publisher=CRC Press | year=2000 | pages=295–296 | isbn=978-1-4200-3344-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fDDpBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA295 }}</ref>
|uncertain whether SN or classical nova<ref name="Hoffmann-2020">{{cite journal | first1=Susanne M. | last1=Hoffmann | first2=Nikolaus | last2=Vogt | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | title=A search for the modern counterparts of the Far Eastern guest stars 369 CE, 386 CE and 393 CE | volume=497 | issue=2 | pages=1419–1433 | bibcode=2020MNRAS.497.1419H | date=1 July 2020 | language=de | doi=10.1093/mnras/staa1970 | doi-access=free | arxiv=2007.01013 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:right" |[[SN 393|393]]
|constellation of [[Scorpius]]
| style="text-align:center" |−3'''<sup>m</sup>'''
|possible SN<ref name="Hoffmann-2020"/>
|-
| style="text-align:right" |[[SN 1006|1006]]
|constellation of [[Lupus (constellation)|Lupus]]
| style="text-align:center" |−7.5{{±|0.4}}'''<sup>m</sup>'''<ref>{{citation | first1=P. Frank | last1=Winkler | first2=G. | last2=Gupta | journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] | title=The SN 1006 Reminant: Optical Proper Motions, Deep Imaging, Distance, and Brightness at Maximum | volume=585 | pages=324–335 | date=2003 | issue=1 | language=de | doi=10.1086/345985 | arxiv=astro-ph/0208415 | bibcode=2003ApJ...585..324W | s2cid=1626564 }}</ref>
|certain: [[Supernova remnant|SNR]] known
|-
| style="text-align:right" |[[SN 1054|1054]]
|constellation of [[Taurus (constellation)|Taurus]]
| style="text-align:center" |−6'''<sup>m</sup>'''
|certain: SNR and pulsar known
|-
| style="text-align:right" |[[SN 1181|1181]]
|constellation of [[Cassiopeia (constellation)|Cassiopeia]]
| style="text-align:center" |−2'''<sup>m</sup>'''
|likely type Iax SN associated with the remnant Pa30<ref>{{citation | first1=Andreas | last1=Ritter | first2=Quentin A. | last2=Parker | first3=Foteini | last3=Lykou | first4=Albert A. | last4=Zijlstra | first5=Martín A. | last5=Guerrero | journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters | title=The Remnant and Origin of the Historical Supernova 1181 AD | volume=918 | issue=2 | page=L33 | issn=2041-8205 | date=1 September 2021 | language=de | doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ac2253 | arxiv=2105.12384 | bibcode=2021ApJ...918L..33R | hdl=10261/255617 | s2cid=235195784 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:right" |[[SN 1572|1572]]
|constellation of [[Cassiopeia (constellation)|Cassiopeia]]
| style="text-align:center" |−4'''<sup>m</sup>'''
|certain: SNR known
|-
| style="text-align:right" |[[Kepler's Supernova|1604]]
|constellation of [[Ophiuchus]]
| style="text-align:center" |−2'''<sup>m</sup>'''
|certain: SNR known
|-
| style="text-align:right" |[[Cassiopeia A|1680]]?
|constellation of [[Cassiopeia (constellation)|Cassiopeia]]
| style="text-align:center" | +6'''<sup>m</sup>'''
|SNR known, unclear whether the SN was observed
|-
| style="text-align:right" |[[G1.9+0.3|1800–1900]]
|constellation of [[Sagittarius (constellation)|Sagittarius]]
| style="text-align:center" | ?'''<sup>m</sup>'''
|SNR known, but not observed
|-
| style="text-align:right" |[[SN 1885A|1885]]
|[[The Andromeda Galaxy|Andromeda Galaxy]]
| style="text-align:center" | +6'''<sup>m</sup>'''
|certain
|-
| style="text-align:right" |[[SN 1987A|1987]]
|[[Large Magellanic Cloud]]
| style="text-align:center" | +3'''<sup>m</sup>'''
|certain
|}