Editing Swarm behaviour (section)

===Evolutionary models===
In order to gain insight into why animals evolve swarming behaviours, scientists have turned to evolutionary models that simulate populations of evolving animals. Typically these studies use a [[genetic algorithm]] to simulate [[evolution]] over many generations. These studies have investigated a number of hypotheses attempting to explain why animals evolve swarming behaviours, such as the [[selfish herd theory]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=W. |last2=Schmickl |first2=T. |date=2019 |title=Collective Motion as an Ultimate Effect in Crowded Selfish Herds |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=6618 | pmid=31036873 | doi=10.1038/s41598-019-43179-6|pmc=6488663 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.6618Y | doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Olson RS, Knoester DB, Adami C |title= Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation |chapter= Critical interplay between density-dependent predation and evolution of the selfish herd |year= 2013 |chapter-url= https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2463372.2463394 |pages= 247–254 |doi= 10.1145/2463372.2463394 |isbn= 9781450319638 |series= Gecco '13|s2cid= 14414033 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ward CR, Gobet F, Kendall G |year= 2001 |title= Evolving collective behavior in an artificial ecology |url= https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=569757 |journal= Artificial Life |volume= 7 |issue= 2 |pages= 191–209 |doi= 10.1162/106454601753139005 |pmid=11580880 |citeseerx= 10.1.1.108.3956|s2cid= 12133884 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Reluga TC, Viscido S |year= 2005 |title= Simulated evolution of selfish herd behavior |journal= Journal of Theoretical Biology |volume= 234 |issue= 2 |pages= 213–225 |doi= 10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.11.035 |pmid=15757680|bibcode= 2005JThBi.234..213R }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wood AJ, Ackland GJ |year= 2007 |title= Evolving the selfish herd: emergence of distinct aggregating strategies in an individual-based model |journal= Proc Biol Sci |volume= 274 |issue= 1618 |pages= 1637–1642 |doi= 10.1098/rspb.2007.0306 |pmid=17472913 |pmc=2169279}}</ref> the predator confusion effect,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Olson RS, Hintze A, Dyer FC, Knoester DB, Adami C |year= 2013 |title= Predator confusion is sufficient to evolve swarming behaviour |journal= J. R. Soc. Interface |volume= 10 |issue= 85 |page=20130305 |doi= 10.1098/rsif.2013.0305 |pmid=23740485 |pmc=4043163}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Demsar J, Hemelrijk CK, Hildenbrandt H, Bajec IL |year= 2015 |title= Simulating predator attacks on schools: Evolving composite tactics |journal= Ecological Modelling |volume= 304 |pages= 22–33 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.02.018 |bibcode= 2015EcMod.304...22D |hdl= 11370/0bfcbb69-a101-4ec1-833a-df301e49d8ef |s2cid= 46988508 |url= https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/85452752/Simulating_predator_attacks_on_schools_Evolving_composite_tactics.pdf|hdl-access= free }}</ref> the dilution effect,<ref>{{cite journal |author= Tosh CR |year= 2011 |title= Which conditions promote negative density dependent selection on prey aggregations? |journal= Journal of Theoretical Biology |volume= 281 |issue= 1 |pages= 24–30 |doi= 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.04.014 |pmid=21540037 |bibcode= 2011JThBi.281...24T |url= https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00708525/file/PEER_stage2_10.1016%252Fj.jtbi.2011.04.014.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ioannou CC, Guttal V, Couzin ID |year= 2012 |title= Predatory Fish Select for Coordinated Collective Motion in Virtual Prey |journal= Science |volume= 337 |issue= 6099 |pages= 1212–1215 |doi= 10.1126/science.1218919 |bibcode= 2012Sci...337.1212I |pmid=22903520 |s2cid= 10203872 |url= http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:352-0-387618|doi-access= free }}</ref> the many eyes theory,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Olson RS, Haley PB, Dyer FC, Adami C |year= 2015 |title= Exploring the evolution of a trade-off between vigilance and foraging in group-living organisms |journal= Royal Society Open Science |volume= 2 |issue= 9 |doi= 10.1098/rsos.150135 |page=150135 |pmid=26473039 |pmc=4593673 |arxiv=1408.1906 |bibcode=2015RSOS....250135O}}</ref> and the predator-prey survival pressure theory.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Li JN, Li L, Zhao SY |year= 2023 |title= Predator–prey survival pressure is sufficient to evolve swarming behaviors |journal= New Journal of Physics |volume= 25 |issue= 9 |doi= 10.1088/1367-2630/acf33a |page= 092001|arxiv= 2308.12624 |bibcode= 2023NJPh...25i2001L }}</ref>