Editing Teleost (section)

=== External relationships ===

The teleosts were first recognised as a distinct group by the German [[ichthyologist]] [[Johannes Peter Müller]] in 1845.<ref name=Greenwood/> The name is from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ''teleios'', "complete" + ''osteon'', "bone".<ref>{{cite web |title=Teleost |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/teleost |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> Müller based this classification on certain soft tissue characteristics, which would prove to be problematic, as it did not take into account the distinguishing features of fossil teleosts. In 1966, Greenwood et al. provided a more solid classification.<ref name=Greenwood>{{cite journal |last=Greenwood |first=P. |author2=Rosen, D. |author3=Weitzman, S. |author4=Myers, G. |title=Phyletic studies of teleostean fishes, with a provisional classification of living forms |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |date=1966 |volume=131 |pages=339–456 |url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstreams/f4604e7e-adca-4295-9984-1cfd549abf04/download |hdl=2246/1678}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Arratia |first=G. |year=1998 |title=Basal teleosts and teleostean phylogeny: response to C. Patterson |journal=[[Copeia]] |volume=1998 |issue=4 |pages=1109–1113 |jstor=1447369 |doi=10.2307/1447369}}</ref> The oldest fossils of teleosteomorphs (the [[stem group]] from which teleosts later evolved) date back to the [[Triassic]] [[period (geology)|period]] (''[[Prohalecites]]'', ''[[Pholidophorus]]'').<ref name="Arratia 2015">{{cite journal |author1=Arratia, G. |name-list-style=amp |year=2015 |title=Complexities of early teleostei and the evolution of particular morphological structures through time. |journal=Copeia |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=999–1025 |doi=10.1643/CG-14-184 |s2cid=85808890 }}</ref><ref name="Romano et al 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Romano |first1=Carlo |last2=Koot |first2=Martha B. |last3=Kogan |first3=Ilja |last4=Brayard |first4=Arnaud |last5=Minikh |first5=Alla V. |last6=Brinkmann |first6=Winand |last7=Bucher |first7=Hugo |last8=Kriwet |first8=Jürgen |title=Permian-Triassic Osteichthyes (bony fishes): diversity dynamics and body size evolution |journal=Biological Reviews |date=February 2016 |volume=91 |issue=1 |pages=106–147 |doi=10.1111/brv.12161 | pmid=25431138  |s2cid=5332637 |url=https://hal.science/hal-01253154 }}</ref> However, it has been suggested that teleosts probably first evolved already during the [[Paleozoic]] [[era (geology)|era]].<ref name=PNAS /> During the [[Mesozoic]] and [[Cenozoic]] eras they diversified widely, and as a result, 96% of all living fish species are teleosts.<ref name=Berra />

The [[cladogram]] below shows the [[phylogeny|evolutionary relationships]] of the teleosts to other [[extant taxa|extant]] [[clade]]s of bony fish,<ref name=PNAS>{{cite journal |title=Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification |last=Near |first=Thomas J. |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|PNAS]] |doi=10.1073/pnas.1206625109 | pmid=22869754 |date=2012 |volume=109 |issue=34 |pages=13698–13703 |display-authors=etal | pmc=3427055|bibcode=2012PNAS..10913698N |doi-access=free }}</ref> and to the four-limbed vertebrates ([[tetrapod]]s) that [[Evolution of fish#post devonian|evolved]] from a related group of bony fish during the [[Devonian]] [[period (geology)|period]].<ref name=TOL>{{cite journal |last=Betancur-R. |first=Ricardo |display-authors=etal |year=2013 |title=The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes |journal=[[PLOS Currents|PLOS Currents: Tree of Life]] |volume=5 |edition=1st |doi=10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288 | pmid=23653398 | pmc=3644299 |hdl=2027.42/150563 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=laurin&reisz1995>{{cite journal |last1=Laurin |first1=M. |last2=Reisz |first2=R.R. |year=1995 |title=A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny |journal=[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=165–223 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x}}</ref><!--The former "[[Chondrostei]]" is seen to be [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]]. --> Approximate [[divergent evolution|divergence dates]] (in millions of years, [[myr|mya]]) are from Near et al., 2012.<ref name=PNAS/>

{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%;
|label1=[[Euteleostomi]]/ |sublabel1=[[Osteichthyes]]
|1={{clade
  |label1=[[Sarcopterygii]] (lobe-fins)
  |1={{clade
    |label1=[[Actinistia]]
    |1=[[Coelacanth]]s [[File:Coelacanth flipped.png|70 px]] 
    |label2=[[Rhipidistia]]
    |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Dipnoi]]
      |1=[[Dipnoi|Lungfish]] <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Chinle fish Arganodus cropped cropped.png|70 px]]</span>
      |label2=[[Tetrapoda]]
      |2={{clade
        |label1=[[Amphibia]]
        |1=[[Lissamphibia]] [[File:Salamandra salamandra (white background).jpg|70 px]]
        |label2=[[Amniota]]
        |2={{clade
          |1=[[Mammal]]s [[File:Phylogenetic tree of marsupials derived from retroposon data (Paucituberculata).png|60 px]]
          |2=[[Sauropsida]] ([[reptile]]s, [[bird]]s) [[File:British reptiles, amphibians, and fresh-water fishes (1920) (Lacerta agilis).jpg|70px]]
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
  |label2=[[Actinopterygii]] (ray-fins)
  |sublabel2=400 mya
  |2={{clade
    |label1=[[Cladistia]]
    |1=[[Polypteriformes]] ([[bichir]]s, [[reedfish]]es) [[File:Cuvier-105-Polyptère.jpg|80px]]
    |label2=[[Actinopteri]]
    |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Chondrostei]]
      |1=[[Acipenseriformes]] ([[sturgeon]]s, [[paddlefish]]es) [[File:Atlantic sturgeon flipped.jpg|80px]]
      |label2=[[Neopterygii]]
      |sublabel2=360 mya
      |2={{clade
        |label1=[[Holostei]]
        |sublabel1=275 mya
        |1={{clade
          |label1=[[Ginglymodi]]
          |1=[[Lepisosteiformes]] ([[gar]]s) [[File:Alligator gar fish (white background).jpg|80px]]
          |label2=[[Halecomorphi]]
          |2=[[Amiiformes]] ([[bowfin]]) [[File:Amia calva (white background).jpg|70px]]
           }}
        |2='''Teleostei''' [[File:Common carp (white background).jpg|70px]]
        |sublabel2=310 mya 
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}