Editing Telerobotics (section)

== Applications ==

===Space===
[[File: HERRO (Human Exploration using Real-time Robotic Operations).png|right|thumb| NASA HERRO (Human Exploration using Real-time Robotic Operations) telerobotic exploration concept<ref name="HERRO">{{cite web | first1=G.R.|last1=Schmidt|first2=G.A.|last2=Landis|first3=S.R.|last3=Oleson|url=http://telerobotics.gsfc.nasa.gov/papers/Schmidt2011.pdf|title=HERRO Missions to Mars and Venus Using Telerobotic Exploration from Orbit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513005633/http://telerobotics.gsfc.nasa.gov/papers/Schmidt2011.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2013| url-status=dead|access-date=15 November 2012}}; see also: {{cite web|first1=S.R.|last1=Oleson|first2=G.A.|last2=Landis|first3=M.|last3=McGuire|first4=G.R.|last4=Schmidt|url=http://telerobotics.gsfc.nasa.gov/papers/Oleson2012.pdf|title=HERRO Missions to Mars Using Telerobotic Surface Exploration from Orbit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217204051/http://telerobotics.gsfc.nasa.gov/papers/Oleson2012.pdf|archive-date=17 February 2013|work=Journal of the British Interplanetary Society|url-status=dead|year=2012}}, and [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20120002754.pdf HERRO] (accessed 15 November 2012)</ref>]]

With the exception of the [[Apollo program]], most [[space exploration]] has been conducted with telerobotic [[space probes]]. Most space-based [[astronomy]], for example, has been conducted with telerobotic [[telescopes]]. The Russian [[Lunokhod 1|Lunokhod-1 mission]], for example, put a remotely driven rover on the Moon, which was driven in real time (with a 2.5-second lightspeed time delay) by human operators on the ground. Robotic planetary exploration programs use spacecraft that are programmed by humans at ground stations, essentially achieving a long-time-delay form of telerobotic operation. Recent noteworthy examples include the [[Mars exploration rovers]] (MER) and the [[Curiosity rover|''Curiosity
]] rover. In the case of the MER mission, the spacecraft and the rover operated on stored programs, with the rover drivers on the ground programming each day's operation. The [[International Space Station]] (ISS) uses a two-armed telemanipulator called [[Dextre]]. More recently, a humanoid robot [[Robonaut]]<ref name="robonaut">{{cite web|url=http://robonaut.jsc.nasa.gov/default.asp|title=Robonaut home page|access-date=27 May 2011|publisher=Nasa}}</ref> has been added to the space station for telerobotic experiments.

NASA has proposed use of highly capable telerobotic systems<ref>Adam Mann, "[https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/11/telerobotic-exploration/all/ Almost Being There: Why the Future of Space Exploration Is Not What You Think"], ''Wired'', 12 November 2012 (accessed 15 November 2012).</ref> for future planetary exploration using human exploration from orbit. In a concept for [[human mission to Mars#Crewed orbital missions|Mars Exploration]] proposed by [[Geoffrey A. Landis|Landis]], a precursor mission to [[Mars]] could be done in which the human vehicle brings a crew to Mars, but remains in orbit rather than landing on the surface, while a highly capable remote robot is operated in real time on the surface.<ref>G.A. Landis, "Teleoperation from Mars Orbit: A Proposal for Human Exploration", Acta Astronautica, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp 59-65; presented as paper IAC-04-IAA.3.7.2.05, 55th International Astronautical Federation Congress, Vancouver BC, 4–8 October 2004.</ref> Such a system would go beyond the simple long time delay robotics and move to a regime of virtual telepresence on the planet. One study of this concept, the Human Exploration using Real-time Robotic Operations (HERRO) concept, suggested that such a mission could be used to explore a wide variety of planetary destinations.<ref name="HERRO" />

===Telepresence and videoconferencing===
[[File:IRobot Ava 500.jpg|thumb|iRobot Ava 500, an autonomous roaming telepresence robot]]

The prevalence of high quality video conferencing using mobile devices, tablets and portable computers has enabled a drastic growth in telepresence robots to help give a better sense of remote physical presence for communication and collaboration in the office, home, school, etc. when one cannot be there in person. The robot avatar can move or look around at the command of the remote person.<ref>Rick Lehrbaum, "[http://www.informationweek.com/applications/attack-of-the-telepresence-robots!/d/d-id/1108137 Attack of the Telepresence Robots!]", ''InformationWeek'', 11 January 2013 (accessed 8 December 2013).</ref><ref>Jacob Ward, "[http://www.popsci.com/article/technology/i-am-robot-boss I am a robot boss]", ''Popular Science'', 28 October 2013.</ref>

There have been two primary approaches that both utilize videoconferencing on a display.
* '''Desktop telepresence robots''' typically mount a phone or tablet on a motorized desktop stand to enable the remote person to look around a remote environment by panning and tilting the display.
* '''Drivable telepresence robots''' typically contain a display (integrated or separate phone or tablet) mounted on a roaming base.  More modern roaming telepresence robots may include an ability to operate autonomously. The robots can map out the space and be able to avoid obstacles while driving themselves between rooms and their docking stations.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Honig|first1=Zach|title=iRobot's Ava 500 telepresence-on-a-stick is rolling out now (update: $69,500!!)|url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/03/17/irobot-ava-500/ |date=17 March 2014 |publisher=Engadget|access-date=4 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714174348/https://www.engadget.com/2014/03/17/irobot-ava-500/ |archive-date= 14 July 2014 }}</ref>

Traditional videoconferencing systems and telepresence rooms generally offer pan-tilt-zoom cameras with far end control. The ability for the remote user to turn the device's head and look around naturally during a meeting is often seen as the strongest feature of a telepresence robot. For this reason, the developers have emerged in the new category of desktop telepresence robots that concentrate on this strongest feature to create a much lower cost robot. The desktop telepresence robots, also called "head-and-neck robots"<ref>John Biggs, "[https://techcrunch.com/2012/12/06/revolve-robotics-announces-kubi-a-telepresence-rig-that-works-like-your-neck/ Revolve Robotics Announces Kubi, A Telepresence Rig That Works Like Your Neck]", "Tech Crunch", 6 December 2012.</ref> allow users to look around during a meeting and are small enough to be carried from location to location, eliminating the need for remote navigation.<ref>Sanford Dickert and David Maldow, Esq., "[https://www.scribd.com/doc/153304043/TPO-Magazine-2013-Robotic-Telepresence-State-of-the-Industry Robotic Telepresence State of the Industry]", ''Telepresence Options'', Summer 2013 (accessed 8 December 2013).</ref>

Some telepresence robots are highly helpful for some children with long-term illnesses, who were unable to attend school regularly. Latest innovative technologies can bring people together, and it allows them to stay connected to each other, which significantly help them to overcome loneliness.<ref>{{cite web |title=Telepresence robots help chronically ill kids maintain social, academic ties at school |url=https://robohub.org/telepresence-robots-help-chronically-ill-kids-maintain-social-academic-ties-at-school |website=robohub |publisher=University of California, Irvine |date=9 September 2016 |access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref>

===Marine applications===
Marine [[remotely operated vehicle]]s (ROVs) are widely used to work in water too deep or too dangerous for divers. They repair offshore [[oil platform]]s and attach cables to sunken ships to hoist them. They are usually attached by a tether to a control center on a surface ship. The wreck of the ''[[Titanic]]'' was explored by an ROV, as well as by a crew-operated vessel.

===Telemedicine===
{{See also|Remote surgery|Medical robot}}
Additionally, a lot of telerobotic research is being done in the field of medical devices, and minimally invasive surgical systems. With a [[robotic surgery]] system, a surgeon can work inside the body through tiny holes just big enough for the manipulator, with no need to open up the chest cavity to allow hands inside.

===Emergency Response and law enforcement robots===
[[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]] maintains a set of test standards used for Emergency Response<ref>{{cite journal| title=Emergency response robots| journal=NIST| url=https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/emergency-response-robots |date=28 April 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004130146/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/emergency-response-robots |archive-date=4 October 2023 }}</ref> and law enforcement telerobotic systems.<ref>{{cite web| title=Standard test methods for response robots|date=8 November 2016 |url=https://www.nist.gov/el/intelligent-systems-division-73500/standard-test-methods-response-robots|publisher=NIST Engineering Laboratory|access-date=4 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=ASTM Subcommittee E54.09 standards for response robots|url=https://www.astm.org/COMMIT/SUBCOMMIT/E5409.htm}}</ref>

===Other applications===
[[Remote manipulator]]s are used to handle [[radioactive]] materials.

Telerobotics has been used in [[installation art]] pieces; [[Telegarden]] is an example of a project where a robot was operated by users through the Web.