Editing Temperate rainforest (section)

==Distribution==

===North America===

====Pacific temperate rainforests==== 
{{Main|Pacific temperate rain forests}}
[[File:Mt Hood Wilderness near Ramona Falls.jpg|thumb|Temperate rainforest in the [[Mount Hood Wilderness]], Oregon, US. This area, on the west side of the mountain, receives close to {{convert|100|in|mm}} of rain per year.]]
A portion of the temperate rain forest region of [[North America]], the largest area of temperate zone rainforests on the planet, is the Pacific temperate rain forests ecoregion, which occur on west-facing [[Pacific Coast Ranges|coastal mountains]] along the Pacific coast of North America, from [[Kodiak Island]] in [[Alaska]] to northern [[California]], and are part of the [[Nearctic realm]]. In the different system established by the [[Commission for Environmental Cooperation]], this same general region is classed as the [[Pacific Maritime Ecozone (CEC)|Pacific Maritime Ecozone]] by [[Environment Canada]] and as the [[List of ecoregions in the United States (EPA)#Marine West Coast Forest|Marine West Coast Forest]] Level II ecoregion by the United States [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]]. In terms of the [[floristic province]] system used by [[botany]], the bulk of the region is the [[Rocky Mountain Floristic Region]] but a small southern portion is part of the [[California Floristic Province]].
[[File:Redwood National Park, fog in the forest.jpg|thumb|[[Sequoia sempervirens|Coast Redwood]] forest in [[Redwood National Park]]]]

Sub-ecoregions of the Pacific temperate rainforest ecoregion as defined by the [[World Wildlife Fund|WWF]] include the [[Northern Pacific coastal forests]], [[Haida Gwaii]] ecoregion, [[Vancouver Island]] ecoregion, [[British Columbia mainland coastal forests]], [[Central Pacific coastal forests]], [[Cascades (ecoregion)|Cascades forests]], [[Klamath Mountains (ecoregion)|Klamath-Siskiyou coastal forests]], and [[Northern California coastal forests]] ecoregions. They vary in their [[species composition]], but are all predominantly [[coniferous]], sometimes with an [[understory]] of [[broadleaved]] [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s. Most of the precipitation occurs in winter, similar to [[Mediterranean climate]]s, but in summer, [[fog]] moisture is extracted by the trees and produces a [[fog drip]] keeping the forest moist.<ref name=Franklin>Franklin, J.F. & Dyrness C.T. (1988) ''Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington''. Oregon State University Press, {{ISBN|0870713566}}.</ref> The Northern California coastal forests are home to the [[Coast Redwood]] (''Sequoia sempervirens''), the world's tallest tree. In the other ecoregions, [[Coast Douglas-fir]] (''Pseudotsuga menziesii'' var. ''menziesii''), [[Sitka Spruce]] (''Picea sitchensis''), [[Western Hemlock]] (''Tsuga heterophylla'') and [[Western redcedar]] (''Thuja plicata'') are the most important tree species. A common feature of Pacific temperate rainforests of North America is the [[Nurse log]], a fallen tree which as it decays, provides ecological facilitation to seedlings. Trees such as the Coast Douglas-fir, Western Hemlock, Western Red Cedar, [[Pacific Yew]], and [[Vine Maple]] are more closely related to coniferous and deciduous trees in the temperate forests of [[East Asia]].

[[File:Carmanah walbran park.jpg|thumb|Temperate rainforest in [[Carmanah Walbran Provincial Park]], located on Vancouver Island]]
[[File:Wells Gray Provincial Park, British Columbia.jpg|thumb|left|Temperate rainforest in [[Wells Gray Provincial Park]] (in the [[Cariboo Mountains]]) in British Columbia, Canada]]
Some of the largest expanses of old growth are found in [[Olympic National Park]], [[Mount Rainier National Park]], [[Mount Hood National Forest]], [[Crater Lake National Park]], [[Tongass National Forest]], [[Mount St. Helens National Monument]], [[Redwood National Park]], and throughout [[British Columbia]] (including British Columbia's Coastal Mountain Ranges), with the coastal [[Great Bear Rainforest]] containing the largest expanses of old growth temperate rainforest found in the world.

British Columbia's [[Rocky Mountains]], [[Cariboo Mountains]], [[Rocky Mountain Trench]] (east of [[Prince George, British Columbia|Prince George]]) and the [[Columbia Mountains]] of Southeastern British Columbia (west of the Canadian Rocky Mountains that extend into parts of Idaho and Northwestern Montana in the US), which include the [[Selkirk Mountains]], [[Monashee Mountains]], and the [[Purcell Mountains]], have the largest stretch of interior temperate coniferous rainforests.<ref>Northern Wetbelt – University of Northern British Columbia http://wetbelt.unbc.ca/</ref> These [[inland rainforest]]s have more continental climate with a large proportion of the precipitation falling as snow. Being closer to the Rocky Mountains, there is more of a diverse mammalian fauna. Some of the best interior rainforests are found in [[Mount Revelstoke National Park]] and [[Glacier National Park (Canada)]] in the Columbia Mountains.

==== Appalachian temperate rainforests ====
{{main|Appalachian temperate rainforest}}
[[File:Roaring Fork River.jpg|thumb|upright|Temperate rainforest in the [[Great Smoky Mountains National Park]] in the [[Appalachian Mountains]]]]
Temperate rainforests are located in the southern [[Appalachian Mountains]] where [[Orographic lift|orographic precipitation]] increases precipitation of weather systems coming from the west and from the [[Gulf of Mexico]]. Temperate rainforest extends through the Appalachian areas of western [[North Carolina]],<ref>{{cite web
| title = Average Annual Precipitation North Carolina
| publisher = Oregon State University
| year = 2000
| url = http://www.ocs.orst.edu/pub/maps/Precipitation/Total/States/NC/nc.gif
| access-date = 2006-02-23 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060222085855/http://www.ocs.orst.edu/pub/maps/Precipitation/Total/States/NC/nc.gif  |archive-date = 2006-02-22}}</ref> southeastern [[Kentucky]],<ref>{{cite web
| title = Average Annual Precipitation Kentucky
| publisher = Oregon State University
| year = 2000
| url = http://www.ocs.orst.edu/pub/maps/Precipitation/Total/States/KY/ky.gif
| access-date = 2006-02-23 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060222090153/http://www.ocs.orst.edu/pub/maps/Precipitation/Total/States/KY/ky.gif  |archive-date = 2006-02-22}}</ref> southwest [[Virginia]], eastern [[Tennessee]],<ref>{{cite web
| title = Average Annual Precipitation Tennessee
| publisher = Oregon State University
| year = 2000
| url = http://www.ocs.orst.edu/pub/maps/Precipitation/Total/States/TN/tn.gif
| access-date = 2006-02-23 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060222090153/http://www.ocs.orst.edu/pub/maps/Precipitation/Total/States/TN/tn.gif  |archive-date = 2006-02-22}}</ref> northern South Carolina,<ref>{{cite web
| title = Jocasse Gorges
| publisher = Learn NC
| year = 2000
| url = http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/cede_jocassee/1
| access-date = 2006-02-23 }}</ref> and northern [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].<ref>{{cite web
| title = Average Annual Precipitation Georgia
| publisher = Oregon State University
| year = 2000
| url = http://www.ocs.orst.edu/pub/maps/Precipitation/Total/States/GA/ga.gif
| access-date = 2006-02-23 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060222090232/http://www.ocs.orst.edu/pub/maps/Precipitation/Total/States/GA/ga.gif  |archive-date = 2006-02-22}}</ref>

Red spruce and Fraser fir are dominant canopy trees in high mountain areas. In higher elevation (over {{convert|1,980|m|ft|abbr=off|disp=semicolon}}), Fraser fir is dominant, in middle elevation ({{convert|1,675|to|1,890|m|ft|disp=semicolon}}) red spruce and Fraser fir grow together, and in lower elevation ({{convert|1,370|to|1,650|m|ft|disp=semicolon}}) red spruce is dominant. Yellow birch, mountain ash, and mountain maple grow in the understory. Younger spruce and fir and shrubs like raspberry, blackberry, hobblebush, southern mountain cranberries, red elderberry, minniebush, southern bush honeysuckle are understory vegetation. Below the spruce-fir forest, at around {{convert|1200|m|ft}}, are forests of American beech, yellow birch, maple birch, and oak. Skunk cabbage and ground juniper are northern species that were pushed into the areas from the north.

The mild and wet environment supports the high diversity of fungi. Over 2,000 species live in this area and scientists estimate many unidentified fungi may be there.[10]

===South America===

====Valdivian and Magellanic temperate rainforests====
{{main|Valdivian temperate rainforests|Magellanic subpolar forests}}
[[File:Bosque de olivillo en Punta Curinanco.jpg|thumb|''[[Aextoxicon punctatum]]'' forest in [[Punta Curiñanco]]]]
The temperate rainforests of [[South America]] are located on the Pacific coast of southern [[Chile]], on the west-facing slopes of the southern Chilean coast range, and the [[Andes Mountains]] in both Chile and Western [[Argentina]] down to the southern tip of South America, and are part of the [[Neotropical realm]]. Temperate rainforests occur in the [[Valdivian temperate rain forests]] and [[Magellanic subpolar forests]] ecoregions. The Valdivian rainforests are home to a variety of broadleaf evergreen trees, like ''[[Aextoxicon punctatum]]'', ''[[Eucryphia cordifolia]]'', and [[southern beech]] (''Nothofagus''), but include many [[conifers]] as well, notably [[Fitzroya|Alerce]] (''Fitzroya cupressoides''), one of the largest tree species of the world.

The Valdivian and Magellanic temperate rainforests are the only temperate rainforests in South America. Together they are the second largest in the world, after the Pacific temperate rainforests of North America. The Valdivian forests are a refuge for the [[Antarctic flora]], and share many plant families and genera with the temperate rainforests of [[New Zealand]], [[Tasmania]], and [[Australia]]. Fully half the species of woody plants are [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to this ecoregion.

In the Valdivian region the Andean Cordillera intercepts moist westerly winds along the Pacific coast during winter and summer months; these winds cool as they ascend the mountains, creating heavy rainfall on the mountains' west-facing slopes. The northward-flowing oceanic Humboldt Current creates humid and foggy conditions near the coast. The tree line is at about 2,400&nbsp;m in the northern part of the ecoregion (35°S), and descends to 1,000&nbsp;m in the south of the [[Los Ríos Region|Valdivian region]]. In the summer the temperature can climb to {{convert|16.5|C|abbr=on}}, while during winter the temperature can drop below {{convert|7|C|abbr=on}}.<ref>Di Castri, F and Hajek, E. (1976) [https://web.archive.org/web/20080411125445/http://svsch.ceachile.cl/biblioteca_archivos/Bioclimatologia%20de%20Chile.pdf "Bioclimatología de Chile"], 163 pages with English summary, Catholic University of Chile.</ref>

===Africa===

====Knysna-Amatole coastal rainforests (South Africa)====
[[File:Groot River.jpg|thumb|Knysna Forest Biome near [[Nature's Valley]], in the [[Tsitsikamma]], South Africa]]
The temperate rainforests of [[South Africa]] are part of the [[Knysna-Amatole montane forests|Knysna-Amatole forests]] that are located along South Africa's [[Garden Route]] between Cape Town and Port Elizabeth on the south-facing slopes of South Africa's Drakensberg Mountains facing the Indian Ocean. There are several coniferous [[Podocarpaceae|podocarps]] that grow here. This forest receives a lot of moisture as fog from the Indian Ocean, and resembles not only other temperate rainforests worldwide, but also the montane evergreen [[Afromontane]] forests that occur at higher elevations in southern and eastern Africa. A fine example of this forest is in South Africa's [[Tsitsikamma National Park]].

===Macaronesia===
====Azores====
[[File:Native forest vegetation, Mistérios Negros trail, Terceira Island, Azores (53342468484).jpg|thumb|Juniper montane rainforest, in Mistérios Negros, [[Terceira Island]], Azores]]
The rainforests of the [[Azores]] (also known as [[cloud forest]]s, due to the constant cloud coverage caused by [[orographic lift]]) are found in the more humid, montane areas that transition from the lower altitude [[laurissilva]]. They are generally found at altitudes ranging from {{convert|600|to|1000|m|abbr=on}}, and receive {{convert|2000|to|6000|mm|abbr=on}} of average annual rainfall.<ref name="pingo">{{cite web |last1=Elias |first1=Rui Bento |title=Laurissilva dos Açores: Mito ou Realidade? |url=https://montanheiros.com/pdf-files/pingo-lava/PingoLava2014-Laurissilva.pdf |publisher=Pingo de Lava |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="diaselias">{{cite book |last1=Elias |first1=Rui Bento |last2=Dias |first2=Eduardo |title=Ecologia das Florestas de Juniperus dos Açores |date=2008 |publisher=Cadernos de Botância nº5 |location=Angra do Heroísmo |isbn=978-989-630-978-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fernández‐Palacios |first1=José María |last2=Otto |first2=Rüdiger |last3=Capelo |first3=Jorge |last4=Caujapé‐Castells |first4=Juli |last5=de Nascimento |first5=Lea |last6=Duarte |first6=Maria Cristina |last7=Elias |first7=Rui B. |last8=García‐Verdugo |first8=Carlos |last9=Menezes de Sequeira |first9=Miguel |last10=Médail |first10=Frédéric |last11=Naranjo‐Cigala |first11=Agustín |last12=Patiño |first12=Jairo |last13=Price |first13=Jonathan |last14=Romeiras |first14=Maria M. |last15=Sánchez‐Pinto |first15=Lázaro |last16=Whittaker |first16=Robert J. |title=In defence of the entity of Macaronesia as a biogeographical region |journal=Biological Reviews |date=December 2024 |volume=99 |issue=6 |pages=2060–2081 |doi=10.1111/brv.13112 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.13112 |access-date=24 November 2024 |language=en |issn=1464-7931|hdl=10451/65343 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Despite being located in the temperate zone, the Azores rainforest is similar in many ways to the cloud forest environments of the tropics and subtropics.<ref name="pingo"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Berger |first1=F. |last2=Aptroot |first2=A. |title=Further contributions to the flora of lichens and lichenicolous fungi of the Azores |journal=Arquipélago |date=2002 |volume=Life and Marine Sciences |issue=19A |pages=1-12 |url=https://islandlab.uac.pt/fotos/publicacoes/publicacoes_1_Berger_Aptroot_19A.pdf |access-date=20 October 2024}}</ref> These pluvial montane forests hold the highest biodiversity and degree of endemism of the whole archipelago.<ref name="pingo"/> They are dominated by dense formations of endemic [[juniperus brevifolia|juniper]], [[Laurus azorica|laurel]], [[Ilex perado|holly]] and [[erica azorica|tree heaths]]<ref name="pingo"/><ref name="diaselias"/> with several species of [[epiphyte|epiphytic]] ferns<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schäfer |first1=H. |title=The grammitidaceae, pteridophyta, of macaronesia |journal=Feddes Repertorium |date=December 2001 |volume=112 |issue=7-8 |pages=509–523 |doi=10.1002/fedr.4921120710}}</ref> and an abundance of mosses and rainforest lichens (such as ''[[Erioderma]]'').<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jørgensen |first1=Per M. |last2=James |first2=Peter W. |title=A new Erioderma taxon from the Azores |journal=The Lichenologist |date=1 November 2001 |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=483–485 |doi=10.1006/lich.2001.0352 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0024282901903524 |access-date=13 October 2024 |issn=0024-2829|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The climate in the rainforest is mild and cool, averaging {{convert|12|C|abbr=on}}<ref name="pingo"/> with a narrow diurnal temperature range and temperatures that only drop below freezing in exceptional years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rede Hidrometeorológica dos Açores - Direcção Regional do Ambiente - SRAAC - GRA |url=https://redehidro.ambiente.azores.gov.pt/ |website=redehidro.ambiente.azores.gov.pt |access-date=13 October 2024}}</ref> 

Since human settlement in the 15th century, these rainforests, which once covered most of the high altitudes of the archipelago, have gradually been reduced to relics and are now found almost exclusively on three of the nine islands ([[Flores Island (Azores)|Flores]], [[Pico Island|Pico]] and [[Terceira Island|Terceira]]). Their main threat is the expansion of cattle grazing pastures.<ref name="diaselias"/>

===Europe===
Temperate rainforest occurs in fragments across the north and west of Europe in countries such as southern [[Norway]] (see [[Scandinavian coastal conifer forests]]) and northern [[Spain]]. Other temperate rainforest regions include areas of south eastern Europe such as mountains on the east coast of the [[Adriatic Sea]], surrounding North Western [[Bulgaria]] along with the [[Black Sea]].

====Atlantic Oakwood forest (Britain and Ireland)====
[[File:Waterfall in Kells Bay.jpg|thumb|Temperate rainforest at Kells Bay, [[County Kerry]], Ireland]]
The woodlands are variously referred to in Britain as Upland Oakwoods, Atlantic Oakwoods, Western Oakwoods or Temperate Rainforest, [[Caledonian forest]], and colloquially as [[Celtic rainforest|'Celtic Rainforests']].<ref>{{cite web |title=Secrets of the Celtic Rainforest |url=https://www.plantlife.org.uk/scotland/our-work-scotland/projects-scotland/celtic-rainforests |website=Plantlife |access-date=10 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref> They are also listed in the [[British National Vegetation Classification]] as [[British NVC community W11]] and [[British NVC community W17]] depending on the ground flora. The majority of surviving fragments of Atlantic Oakwoods in Britain occur on steep-sided slopes above rivers and lakes which have avoided clearance and intensive grazing pressure. There are notable examples on the islands and shores of [[Loch Maree]], [[Loch Sunart]], [[Loch Lomond]] and one of the best preserved sites on the remote [[Taynish National Nature Reserve|Taynish Peninsula]] in Argyll.<ref name="UK Government Met Office" /> There are also small areas on steep-sided riverine gorges in [[Snowdonia]] and Mid Wales, such as found at the [[Dolmelynllyn Estate]] in Gwynedd.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Benson |first=Jen and Sim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0YmEAAAQBAJ&dq=dolmelynllyn&pg=PT489 |title=Short Runs in Beautiful Places: 100 Spectacular Routes |date=2020-04-01 |publisher=National Trust |isbn=978-1-911657-18-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Wild places in South Snowdonia |url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/south-snowdonia/features/wild-places-in-south-snowdonia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419192535/https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/south-snowdonia/features/wild-places-in-south-snowdonia |archive-date=2022-04-19 |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=National Trust |language=en}}</ref>

In England, they occur in the [[Lake District]] ([[Borrowdale]] Woods) and steep sided riverine and estuarine valleys in Devon and Cornwall and the [[Microclimate]] disused slate & granite quarries in these counties. This includes the [[Fowey]] valley in Cornwall and the valley of the [[river Dart]] which flows off [[Dartmoor]] and has rainfall in excess of 2&nbsp;metres per year.<ref name="UK Government Met Office">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070109134904/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/location/southwestengland/rainfall.html UK Government Met Office]. ''South-west England Rainfall''. Retrieved 9 September 2008.</ref>

[[Derrycunnihy Wood]], located in the [[Killarney National Park]], is the best example of the ancient damp-climate oceanic forest that covered an estimated 80 percent of Ireland prior to the arrival of humans in 7,000 BCE.

[[Guy Shrubsole]]'s ''Lost Rainforests of Britain'' attempts to find, map, photograph, and restore them.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shrubsole |first1=Guy |author1-link=Guy Shrubsole |title=Life finds a way: in search of England's lost, forgotten rainforests |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/apr/29/life-finds-a-way-in-search-of-englands-lost-forgotten-rainforests |access-date=10 January 2022 |work=[[the Guardian]] |date=29 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Take action: help map the lost rainforests of Britain |url=https://lostrainforestsofbritain.org/2021/03/16/mapping-the-lost-rainforests-of-england/ |website=Lost Rainforests of Britain |access-date=10 January 2022 |language=en |date=16 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=12 Temperate Rainforests Around the World |url=https://www.treehugger.com/lush-temperate-rain-forests-around-world-4869718 |website=Treehugger |publisher=[[Georgia State University]] |access-date=10 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rainforest Scorecard |url=https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/our-work/publications/secrets-of-the-celtic-rainforest-first-rate-rainforest-scorecard |website=[[Plantlife]] |access-date=10 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=How healthy is your rainforest? - A guide for educators |url=https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/our-work/publications/how-healthy-is-your-rainforest-a-guide-for-educators |website=[[Plantlife]] |access-date=10 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Branching Out: Am I in a Rainforest? |url=https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/our-work/publications/branching-out-am-i-in-a-rainforest |website=[[Plantlife]] |access-date=10 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Shrubsole |first1=Guy |author1-link=Guy Shrubsole |title=Lost rainforests of Britain |url=https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=1VX8n1mzclN2OGSPTPUtM2r2txKOceDEz&ll=50.61593039999999%2C-3.7415176000000083&z=18 |website=My Maps |access-date=10 January 2022}}</ref>

====Colchian (Colchis) rainforests (Bulgaria, Turkey and Georgia)====
{{Main|Euxine–Colchic deciduous forests}}

The Colchian rainforests are found around both the southeast and west corners of the Black Sea starting in [[Bulgaria]] all the way to [[Turkey]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and are part of the [[Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests]] ecoregion, together with the drier Euxine forests further west. The Colchian rainforests are mixed, with deciduous [[Alnus glutinosa|black alder]] ''(Alnus glutinosa)'', hornbeam (''[[Carpinus betulus]]'' and ''[[Carpinus orientalis|C. orientalis]]''), [[Oriental beech]] (''Fagus orientalis''), and [[sweet chestnut]] ''(Castanea sativa)'' together with evergreen [[Nordmann fir]] (''Abies nordmanniana'', the tallest tree in Europe at 78 m), [[Caucasian spruce]] (''Picea orientalis'') and [[Scots pine]] (''Pinus sylvestris'').
The refugium is the largest throughout the Western Asian{{nbsp}}/ near Eastern region.<ref>Zazanashvili N, Sanadiradze G, Bukhnikashvili A, Kandaurov A, Tarkhnishvili D. (2004). "Caucasus", pp. 148–153 in Mittermaier RA, Gil PG, Hoffmann M, Pilgrim J, Brooks T, Mittermaier CG, Lamoreux J, da Fonseca GAB (eds.) ''Hotspots revisited, Earth's biologically richest and most endangered terrestrial ecoregions''. Sierra Madre: CEMEX/Agrupacion Sierra Madre.</ref><ref>van Zeist W, Bottema S. (1991). ''Late Quaternary vegetation of the Near East''. Weisbaden: Reichert, {{ISBN|3882265302}}.</ref><ref name=tgm/> The area has multiple representatives of [[disjunct distribution|disjunct]] [[Relict (biology)|relict]] groups of plants with the closest relatives in Eastern Asia, southern Europe, and even North America.<ref name=Milne/><ref>Kikvidze Z, Ohsawa M. (1999) "Adjara, East Mediterranean refuge of Tertiary vegetation", pp. 297–315 in: Ohsawa M, Wildpret W, Arco MD (eds.) Anaga Cloud Forest, a comparative study on evergreen broad-leaved forests and trees of the Canary Islands and Japan. Chiba: Chiba University Publications.</ref><ref name=Denk/> Over 70 species of forest snails of the region are endemic.<ref name=Pokryszko/> Some relict species of vertebrates are [[Caucasian parsley frog]], [[Caucasian salamander]], [[Robert's snow vole]] and [[Caucasian grouse]]; they are almost entirely endemic groups of animals such as lizards of genus ''[[Darevskia]]''. In general, [[species composition]] of this refugium is quite distinct and differs from that of the other Western Eurasian refugia.<ref name=tgm /> 
Genetic data suggest that the Colchis temperate rainforest, during the [[Last Glacial Period|Ice Age]], was fragmented into smaller parts; in particular, evolutionary lineages of the [[Caucasian Salamander]] from the central and south-western Colchis remained isolated from one another during the entire Ice Age.<ref name=Tarkhnishvili/>

====Fragas do Eume (Spain)====
{{Main|Fragas do Eume}}

The {{lang|gl|[[Fragas do Eume]]|italic=no}} is a natural park situated in [[Galicia, Spain|Galicia]], north-western [[Spain]]. {{lang|gl|Fraga}} is a [[Galician language|Galician]] word for 'natural woodland', (old-growth forest) and the park is an example of a temperate rainforest in which oak (''[[Quercus robur]]'' and ''[[Quercus pyrenaica]]'') is the [[climax vegetation]]. The protected area extends along the valley of the river Eume within the {{lang|gl|[[Ferrol (comarca)|Ferrolterra]]|italic=no}} municipalities of {{lang|gl|[[Pontedeume]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|gl|[[Cabanas, A Coruña|Cabanas]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|gl|[[A Capela]]|italic=no}}, {{lang|gl|[[Monfero]]|italic=no}} and {{lang|gl|[[As Pontes de García Rodríguez]]|italic=no}}. Some 500 people reside within the park. The monastery of [[Monastery of San Xoán de Caaveiro|Monastery of {{lang|gl|San Xoán de Caaveiro|italic=no|nocat=y}}]] also lies within the park.

The area was declared a [[natural park (Spain)|natural park]] (a level of protection lower than [[national park]]) in 1997. It is one of six natural parks in Galicia. The [[European Union]] has recognised the park as a [[Site of Community Importance]]. There are a number of species of ferns. Invertebrate species include the [[Kerry slug]] and it is an important site for amphibians.

==== Vinatovača rainforest (Serbia) ====
{{main|Vinatovača}}
The '''Vinatovača rainforest''', alternatively spelled '''vintovača''', is the only rainforest in Serbia.<ref name="rts">{{cite web|url= http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/57/srbija-danas/968488/vinatovaca---jedina-prasuma-u-srbiji.html |title= Vinatovača - jedina prašuma u Srbiji|date=7 October 2011 |publisher=[[Radio Television Serbia]]|language=sr}}</ref> It has been left undisturbed for centuries due to strict conservation laws starting in the 17th century.

Vinatovača is situated in the central [[Kučaj mountains]] in the [[Resava River#Region|Upper Resava]] region, at an altitude between {{convert|640|m|abbr=on}} and {{convert|800|m|abbr=on}}. It is isolated and hard to reach which helped its preservation. It is believed that trees have not been cut in Vinatovača since about 1650. Being under strict protection means not only that the trees that die of old age are not being cleared or removed, but even picking herbs or mushrooms is forbidden. It is considered as an example of what central and eastern Serbia's natural look is. Beech trees are up to {{convert|45|m|abbr=on}} tall and some specimens are estimated to be over 300 years old.<ref name="rts"/>

===Asia===

====Caspian Hyrcanian forest (Iran and Azerbaijan)====
The [[Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests]] ecoregion in northern [[Iran]] contains a jungle in the form of a rainforest which stretches from the east in the [[Khorasan province]] to the west in the [[Ardabil Province]], covering the other provinces of [[Gilan]], [[Mazandaran]], and [[Golestan Province|Golestan]]. The Elburz or [[Alborz]] mountain range is the highest mountain range in the [[Middle East]] which captures the moisture of the [[Caspian Sea]] to its north and forms [[subtropical]] and temperate rainforests in the northern part of [[Iran]]. The Iranians call this forest and region ''Shomal'' which means ''north'' in [[Persian language|Persian]]. This forest was known for most of the history for being home to the now extinct [[Caspian Tiger]].

In southeast [[Azerbaijan]], this ecoregion includes the [[Lankaran Lowland]] and the [[Talysh Mountains]], the latter being evenly divided with Iran to the south. They are [[deciduous]] forests containing tree species such as black alder (''[[Alnus glutinosa]]'' subsp. ''barbata''), hornbeam (''[[Carpinus betulus]]'' and ''[[Carpinus orientalis|C. orientalis]]''), Caucasian wingnut (''[[Pterocarya fraxinifolia]]''), chestnut-leaved oak (''[[Quercus castaneifolia]]''), Caucasian oak (''[[Quercus macranthera]]''), oriental beech (''[[Fagus orientalis]]''), Persian ironwood (''[[Parrotia persica]]'') and Persian silk tree (''[[Albizia julibrissin]]'').

The existing protected areas in Azerbaijan include:

* [[Gizil-Agach State Reserve]] – {{convert|88.4|km2|mi2}}
* [[Hirkan National Park]] – {{convert|427.97|km2|mi2}}
* Zuvand National Park – {{convert|15|km2|mi2}}
* [[Girkan State Reserve]] – {{convert|3|km2|mi2}}

====High elevation mountain rainforests (Taiwan)====
These forests are found in eastern Taiwan and Taiwan's Central Mountain Ranges, part of the [[Taiwan subtropical evergreen forest]] region covering the higher elevations. Most of the lower elevations are covered by subtropical broadleaf evergreen forests, dominated by Chinese Cryptocarya (''[[Cryptocarya chinensis]]''), ''[[Castanopsis hystrix]]'' and Japanese Blue Oak (''[[Quercus glauca]]''). Higher elevations give way to temperate forests with large stands of [[old growth]] Taiwan Cypress (''[[Chamaecyparis taiwanensis]]''), Camphor tree (''[[Cinnamomum camphora]]''), maple (''[[Acer (genus)|Acer]]'' spp.), Chinese yew (''[[Taxus chinensis]]''), Taiwan Hemlock (''[[Tsuga chinensis]]''), and Taiwan Douglas-fir (''[[Pseudotsuga sinensis]] var. wilsoniana''). These higher elevation forests include also giant conifers Formosan Cypress (''[[Chamaecyparis formosensis]]'') and Taiwania (''[[Taiwania cryptomerioides]]'') Some fine examples of forests are found in Yushan ([[Yu Shan|Jade Mountain]]) National Park and [[Alishan National Scenic Area|Alishan]].<ref name=Taiwan>{{WWF ecoregion|id=im0172 |name=Taiwan subtropical evergreen forests|access-date=2008-10-25}}</ref><ref name=farjon>Farjon, A. (2005). ''Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. {{ISBN|978-1-84246-068-9}}</ref>

====Baekdu Mountain Range (Taebaek and Sobaek Mountain Ranges) and South Sea forests (Korea)====
{{See also|Southern Korea evergreen forests|Gotjawal Forest}}
[[File:Baemsagol MS3812.JPG|upright|thumb|Baemsagol valley of [[Jirisan]], which is the southern end of Baekdu Mountain Range.]]

The forests that cover the mountains and valleys of the [[Baekdudaegan|Baekdu Mountain Range]] – from [[Baekdusan|Mt. Baekdu]], in the north, to [[Jirisan|Mt. Jiri]], in the southwest, forming the spine of the [[Korean Peninsula]] – and the [[South Sea (Korea)|southern coast and islands]] of the peninsula – including [[Jeju Island]] – feature a wide variety of conifers and broadleaf trees. Much of these forests are protected in mountain and marine national forests, such as in [[Hallyeohaesang National Park]], which encompasses {{cvt|150.14|km2}} of mountainous forests spread out over 69 uninhabited islands and 30 inhabited islands in Korea's South Sea that provide a home to 1,142 plant species, including major species such as red pine, black pine, common camellia, serrata oak, and cork oak, as well as rare species such as nadopungnan (''[[Phalaenopsis japonica]]''), daeheongnan (''Cymbidium macrorhizon'') and the Korean winter hazel (''Corylopsis coreana''). Major animals species, such as otters, small-eared cats, and badgers also call Hallyeohaesang National Park home, and overall there are 25 mammal species, 115 bird species, 16 reptile species, 1,566 insect species, and 24 freshwater fish species found among the forested, mountains islands.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hallyeohaesang National Park|url=http://english.knps.or.kr/Knp/Hallyeohaesang/Intro/Introduction.aspx?MenuNum=1&Submenu=Npp|website=Korea National Park Service|access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref>

[[Seoraksan National Park]] covers {{cvt|398.539|km2}} of mountainous forests near the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula, and is a [[UNESCO]] designated Biosphere Preservation District. Over 2,000 animal species live in Seoraksan, including the Korean goral, musk deer, and there are also more than 1,400 rare plant species, such as the edelweiss.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seoraksan National Park|url=http://english.knps.or.kr/Knp/Seoraksan/Intro/Introduction.aspx?MenuNum=1&Submenu=Npp|website=Korea National Park Service|access-date=15 June 2015|archive-date=9 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509003646/http://english.knps.or.kr/Knp/Seoraksan/Intro/Introduction.aspx?MenuNum=1&Submenu=Npp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Taiheiyo (Pacific) rainforests (Japan)====
{{See also|Japanese temperate rainforest}}
[[File:Jomon Sugi 07.jpg|170px|thumb|[[Jōmon Sugi]], the largest specimen of Japanese Cedar (''[[Cryptomeria japonica]]''), on [[Yakushima]], Japan]]
Southwestern [[Japan]]'s [[Taiheiyo evergreen forests]] region covers much of [[Shikoku]] and [[Kyūshū]] Islands, and the Southern/Pacific Ocean-facing side of [[Honshu]] ("Taiheiyo" is the [[Pacific Ocean]], in Japanese). Here the natural forests are mainly [[Broad-leaved tree|broadleaf]] [[evergreen]] in lower elevations and [[deciduous]] in higher elevations. The ''[[Hydrangea hirta]]'' species is an endemic deciduous species that can be found in this area. The limit occurs at 500–1000&nbsp;metres depending on latitude.<ref name=Satoo>Satoo, T. (1983). ''Temperate broad-leaved evergreen forests of Japan''. In: Ovington, J.V. (ed.) ''Ecosystems of the world 10: Temperate broad-leaved evergreen forests'', pp. 169–189. Elsevier, Amsterdam</ref> The main tree species are members of beech family ([[Fagaceae]]). In lower altitudes these include evergreen oaks (''[[Oak|Quercus]]'' spp.), Japanese Chinquapin (''[[Castanopsis cuspidata]]'') and Japanese Stone Oak (''[[Lithocarpus edulis]]''),<ref name=Satoo/> and in higher altitudes Japanese Blue Beech (''[[Fagus japonica]]'') and Siebold's beech (''[[Fagus crenata]]'').<ref name=Ching>Ching, K.K. (1991). ''Temperate deciduous forests in East Asia''. In: Röhrig, E. & Ulrich, B. (eds.) ''Ecosystems of the world 7: Temperate deciduous forests'', pp. 539–556. Elsevier, Amsterdam</ref>

Some of the best preserved examples of forest are found in [[Kirishima-Yaku National Park]] on the Island of [[Yakushima]] off of Kyūshū in a very wet climate (the annual rainfall is 4,000 to 10,000&nbsp;mm depending on altitude). Because of relatively infertile soils on granite, Yakushima's forests in higher elevations are dominated by a giant [[conifer]] species, Japanese Cedar (''[[Cryptomeria japonica]]''), rather than deciduous forests typical of the mainland.<ref name=farjon/><ref name=Yakushima>{{cite web |url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/yaku.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718173307/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/yaku.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-07-18 |title=Yakushima – Natural site datasheet from WCMC |publisher=World Conservation Monitoring Centre |access-date=2008-10-27 }}</ref> Other areas include [[Mount Kirishima]] near [[Kagoshima]] in southern Kyūshū. On Southern Honshū, there is a forest with the [[Nachi Falls]] located in [[Yoshino-Kumano National Park]]. This particular area of Honshū has been described as one of the rainiest spots in Japan.

==== Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests (Bhutan, India, Nepal) ====
{{See also|Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests}}
It is a [[temperate broadleaf and mixed forests|temperate broadleaf forest]] [[terrestrial ecoregion|ecoregion]] found in the middle elevations of the eastern [[Himalayas]], including parts of [[Nepal]], [[India]], and [[Bhutan]].

====Southern Siberian rainforest====
{{See also|Southern Siberian rainforest}}
{{expand section|date=June 2017}}

====Temperate rainforests of the Russian Far East====
{{See also|Temperate rainforests of the Russian Far East}}The [[Russian Far East]] region is the eastern-most region of both Russia and the Asian continent as a whole. The Russian federal subjects of [[Primorsky Krai]] and [[Khabarovsk Krai]] are located in the southeast of this region, with Primorsky Krai sharing a land border with [[China]] and [[North Korea]], and both federal subjects face the Pacific ocean to the eaat and share maritime borders with Japan. The [[Sikhote-Alin]] mountain range is located here and extends for about 1000 km in a northeast direction, parallel to the coast, from near the coastal city of [[Vladivostok]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre: Central Sikhote-Alin, Russia |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/766 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=whc.unesco.org (UNESCO)}}</ref>

Whilst the mountain range ascends from sea level to a maximum altitude of around 1900 metres contains a variety of different habitats, they are located in region with a temperate climate. During the last [[glacial maximum]] (or ice age), the area was not glaciated, allowing for the development of a complex [[ecosystem]] containing species with origins in Siberia’s boreal forest and Manchuria’s subtropical forests.<ref name="DellaSala2011">DellaSala D. 2011. Temperate and Boreal Rainforests of the World. Island Press</ref> Temperate rainforest covers most of the mountain slopes and the biogeographic region is known as the Primorye centre of plant diversity, a biogeographic meeting point of flora and fauna from temperate, subtropical and taiga climatic regions.<ref name=":0" /> Historically these forests ranged from the southeastern Pacific coast of Russia, through North Korea and into northern China, however vast human development, particularly in China, has limited the forest to its current range in the Russian Far East.<ref name="DellaSala20112">DellaSala D. 2011. Temperate and Boreal Rainforests of the World. Island Press</ref> In 2001, [[UNESCO]] recognized a 1.5 million hectare area of forest in the central part of the Sikhote-Alin mountains as a [[World Heritage Site]] in Russia, citing the area as one of the most unique and valuable areas of intact forest in the world <ref>Central Sikhote-Alin. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2014, from https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/766</ref>

Although not limited to forests, more than 2500 species of vascular plants have been described in the Primorye biographic region, of which many are considered relict and endemic species. Flora of mosses and lichens are particularly diverse. About 200 species are listed in the IUCN Red List as rare and endangered.<ref name="Cushman2002">Cushman, S. A., & Wallin, D. O. (2002). Separating the effects of environmental, spatial and disturbance factors on forest community structure in the Russian Far East. Forest Ecology and Management, 168(1), 201-215</ref> The forests fall in the transition zone between two [[biomes]]: the southern Asian [[hardwood forest]] and the northern [[coniferous forest]].<ref name="Cushman2002" /> The rainforests are a mix of deciduous broadleaf and coniferous forest, with the dominant tree species becoming more coniferous at higher elevations, and more mixed forest found at lower elevations or within mountain valleys. The most common species include the [[Pinus koraiensis|Korean pine]] (''Pinus koraiensis'') and [[Abies holophylla|Manchurian fir]] (''Abies holophylla'') at the lowest elevations and coastlines. [[Picea jezoensis|Jezo spruce]] (''Picea jezoensis'') and [[Abies nephrolepis|Khingan fir]] (''Abies nephrolepis'') are common species to be found from 700–1400 metres altitude.<ref name="DellaSala20113">DellaSala D. 2011. Temperate and Boreal Rainforests of the World. Island Press</ref> Other tree species include [[Mongolian oak]] (''Quercus mongolica''), [[Betula pendula|silver birch]] (''Betula platyphylla''), [[Scots pine]] (''Pinus sylvestris''), [[Populus tremula|trembling aspen]] (''Populus tremula''), [[Pinus pumila|Siberian dwarf pine]] (''Pinus pumila''), [[Betula ermanii|Erman's birch]] (''Betula ermanii''), and [[Larix gmelinii|Dahurian larch]] (''Larix gmelinii''), a deciduous conifer common throughout, but dominant in the northernmost reaches of the forest<ref name="Cushman2002" /> Other characteristic flora include various [[Fern|ferns]], [[Nelumbo|lotus]], (''Nelumbo nucifera'') and the willow ''[[Salix arbutifolia]],'' ''[[Taxus cuspidata]]'', ''[[Juniperus rigida]]'', ''[[Phellodendron amurense]]'', ''[[Kalopanax]]'', ''[[Aralia elata]]'', ''[[Maackia amurensis]]'', ''[[Alnus japonica]]'', ''[[Actinidia kolomikta]]'', ''[[Schisandra chinensis]]'', ''[[Celastrus orbiculatus]]'', ''[[Thladiantha dubia]]'', ''[[Weigela]]'', ''[[Eleutherococcus]]'', ''[[Flueggea suffruticosa]]'', ''[[Deutzia]]'', ''[[Betula schmidtii]]'', ''Carpinus cordata'', ''[[Acer mandshuricum]]'', ''[[Parthenocissus tricuspidata]]'', ''[[Vitis amurensis]]'', and ''[[Panax ginseng]]'' and many others.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Yang |last2=Hu |first2=Yunfeng |date=1 January 2020 |title=Detecting Forest Disturbance and Recovery in Primorsky Krai, Russia, Using Annual Landsat Time Series and Multi–Source Land Cover Products |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=129 |bibcode=2020RemS...12..129H |doi=10.3390/rs12010129 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Along with the neighbouring [[Amur region]] of Russia, the temperate rainforests of the Russian Far East hold the last remaining habitats for the critically endangered [[Siberian tiger]], [[Amur leopard]], and [[Manchurian sika deer]]. It has been estimated that there are less than 600 tigers<ref name="Carroll2006">Carroll, C., & Miquelle, D. G. (2006). Spatial viability analysis of Amur tiger Panthera tigris altaica in the Russian Far East: the role of protected areas and landscape matrix in population persistence. Journal of Applied Ecology, 43(6), 1056-1068</ref> and around 90 leopards left in the wild.<ref>Uphyrkina, O., Miquelle, D., Quigley, H., Driscoll, C., & O'Brien, S. J. (2002). Conservation genetics of the Far Eastern leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis). Journal of Heredity, 93(5), 303-311</ref> The area also contains populations of [[Asiatic black bears]], [[Kamchatka brown bear|Kamchatka brown bears]], and [[Mongolian wolf|Mongolian grey wolves]], as the Russian Far East, altogether, might probably be the only place in the world where endangered tigers, leopards, bears, and grey wolves coexist. This region also happens to be some of the last of habitat of the [[Blakiston's fish owl|Blakiston’s fish owl]] (Bubo blakistoni); along with being the world’s largest owl, it is unique in the way that it eats fish (primarily [[Masu salmon]]) and relies on [[old growth forests]] along river banks to hunt, nest, and breed.<ref>WCS Study: Huge Trees Help Huge Salmon-Eating Owl. (2013, August 15). Retrieved November 22, 2014, from http://www.wcs.org/press/press-releases/rare-blakiston-fish-owls.aspx</ref> The [[Siberian grouse]] is similar to the [[spruce grouse]] and [[Franklin's grouse]] of North America, and can be found in the dense, remote pockets of broadleaf, coniferous and deciduous forests of Far East Russia. Common ungulates include [[red deer]], [[roe deer]], [[wild boar]], Manchurian moose, and [[musk deer]].

===Oceania===

==== Australian temperate rainforests ====
[[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 541 Cool Temperate Rainforest Tasmania.jpg|thumb|[[Nothofagus cunninghamii|Myrtle Beech]] temperate rainforest in [[Tasmania]], [[Australia]]]]
[[File:Antarctic beech trees on Border Track in Lamington National Park, Queensland.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Nothofagus moorei|Antarctic beech]] trees in [[Lamington National Park]], [[Queensland]], Australia]]
[[File:Marriott Falls Vegetation.jpg|alt=|thumb|''[[Dicksonia antarctica]]'' tree ferns in temperate rainforest in [[Tasmania]], Australia]]
{{See also|Eastern Australian temperate forests|Rainforest in Victoria (Australia)}}

In [[Australia]] rainforests occur near the mainland east coast and in [[Tasmania]]. There are warm-temperate and cool-temperate rainforests. They are [[Broad-leaved tree|broadleaf]] [[evergreen]] forests with the exception of [[Montane forest|montane]] rainforests of Tasmania. [[Eucalyptus|Eucalypt]] forests are not classified as rainforests although some eucalypt forest types receive high annual [[rainfall]] (to over 2000&nbsp;mm in Tasmania<ref name=Reid>Reid, J. B. and Hill, R. S. (2005) ''Vegetation of Tasmania'', Australian Biological Resources Study, {{ISBN|064644512X}}</ref>), and in the absence of [[Wildfire|fire]] they may develop to rainforest. If these widespread [[wet sclerophyll]] forests were considered rainforests, the total area of rainforest in Australia would be much larger.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Physiognomic Classification of Australian Rain Forests|first1=Len|last1=Webb| author-link=Leonard Webb (academic) | journal = Journal of Ecology| publisher=British Ecological Society : Journal of Ecology Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 551-570|date=1 Oct 1959|volume = 47|issue = 3|pages = 551–570|doi = 10.2307/2257290|jstor = 2257290|bibcode=1959JEcol..47..551W }}</ref>

Warm-temperate rainforest replaces subtropical rainforest on poorer soils or with increasing altitude and latitude in [[New South Wales]] and [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]. Cool-temperate rainforests are widespread in Tasmania ([[Tasmanian temperate rainforests]] ecoregion) and they can be found scattered from the [[World Heritage]] listed [[Border Ranges National Park]] and [[Lamington National Park]] on the NSW/Queensland border to [[Otway Ranges]], [[Strzelecki Ranges]], [[Dandenong Ranges]] and [[Tarra-Bulga National Park|Tarra Bulga]] in Victoria. In the northern NSW they are usually dominated by Antarctic Beech (''[[Nothofagus moorei]]''), in the southern NSW by Pinkwood (''[[Eucryphia moorei]]'') and Coachwood (''[[Ceratopetalum apetalum]]'') and in Victoria and Tasmania by Myrtle Beech (''[[Nothofagus cunninghamii]]''), Southern Sassafras (''[[Atherosperma moschatum]]'') and Mountain Ash (''[[Eucalyptus regnans]]'').<ref name=harden>Harden, G., McDonald, B. & Williams, J. (2006). ''Rainforest Trees and Shrubs.'' Gwen Harden Publishing, Nambucca Heads. {{ISBN|978-0-9775553-0-7}}</ref> The montane rainforests of Tasmania are dominated by Tasmanian [[endemism|endemic]] [[conifer]]s (mainly ''[[Athrotaxis]]'' spp.).<ref name=Reid/> They are dominated by Ferns such as ''[[Cyathea cooperi]]'', ''[[Cyathea australis]]'', ''[[Dicksonia antarctica]]'', ''[[Cyathea cunninghamii]]'' and ''[[Cyathea leichhardtiana]]''.

====New Zealand temperate rainforests====
The temperate rainforests of New Zealand occur on the western shore of the [[South Island]] and on the [[North Island]]. The forests are made up of coniferous [[Podocarpaceae|podocarps]] and broadleaf evergreen trees. The podocarps are abundant at lower elevations, while [[southern beech]] (''Nothofagus'') can be found on higher slopes and in the cooler southernmost rainforests. Ecoregions include the [[Fiordland temperate forests]] and [[Westland temperate rainforests]].
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[[File:Kepler Track, New Zealand (80).JPG|thumb|[[Fiordland National Park]] near [[Te Anau]], New Zealand]]